Colonists and Indians Fight for Mutual Interests on the...

Colonists and Indians Fight for Mutual Interests on the American Frontier Since the settling of the English colonies in the early 17th century, pioneers have been destined to expand into the North American frontier and to domesticate it with their Christian faith and progressive nature. In their exploration of the frontier, however, the Puritan colonists often encountered Indians whose savagery challenged their discipline and morals. Just as the colonists expanded, Indians also saw their native lands of many years vanish. The situation naturally compelled the Puritans and the Indians to fight each other for their mutual interests. Thus, while most accounts of Western history focus on the heathen threat, both Indians and†¦show more content†¦This ambition is evident in the pioneers in D.W. Griffith’s 1914 â€Å"The Battle at Elderbrush Gulch.† In the film, a group of pioneers encounters two Indians who have captured two of the pioneers’ dogs for food. The Indians are shown beforehand dancing and performing pagan, and perh aps Faustian rituals, as they prepare to eat dog meat. Griffith’s portrayal of the Indians suggests their savage, non-Puritan nature, and thus when the pioneer men see two Indians carrying their dogs away, both groups fight and the son of the Indian chief is killed. Confrontations of this type appear throughout the history of the frontier myth, and they ultimately lead to fighting between the pioneering Puritans and the red Indians. In Griffith’s film, the pioneers have a difficult time fighting the Indians, who ride in on horses and are armed with hatchets and other crude weaponry. That is because the pioneers use slow firing guns to face the large number of Indians, who strike quickly and forcefully. In the midst of the fight, the notion of captivity arises when the baby of a white woman is capture. The woman prays to God that her baby be saved and, as the fight rages on, a girl sees the baby and rescues it. This example of the savage Indian danger lurking in the wilderness, close to the Puritans, and others like it forcefully affect a change in the Puritan attitude to the frontier and establish a basis for other important myths that define the American frontier experience. AsShow MoreRelatedWorld Wars : The Seven Years War1695 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical accounts, the war can either be placed to have originated in 1754 or 1756, but an agreeable ending in the year 1763 can at least help identify this war efficiently. The Seven Years War, also known in the United States as the French and Indian War, should have been more prominently named the First World War because it was fought on a front of four different continents: North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The ability to have a war waged on more than three continents or four continentsRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence Essay5844 Words   |  24 Pagesdeclaration of independence established the new American revolutionary government and officially declared war against Great Britain. The primary purpose of the declaration was to assist the Second Continental Congress in obtaining aid from foreign countries. The document also clearly outlines the history of abuses the colonists had suffered u nder British rule since the end of the French and Indian war in 1763. Prior to the French and Indian war, the colonists had enjoyed over a hundred years of salutaryRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway - 656 Words

Ernest Hemingway is an American twentieth century novelist who served in World War I. During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver for the Italian army. He wrote the novel The Sun Also Rises in Paris in the 1920s. Hemingway argues that the Lost Generation suffered immensely after World War I because of severe problems with masculinity, alcohol, and love. Masculinity creates a strong tension amongst the male characters in The Sun Also Rises. The clearest example is the impotency of the main character Jake Barnes. Jake explains to Georgette how he was hurt during the war in order to prevent her from becoming infatuated with him (Hemingway 22). The battle wound rendered Jake impotent, so he cannot be with his love, Brett Ashley. Throughout the novel, Jake witnesses Brett’s affairs with other men; his insecurity is enhanced. Robert Cohn, Jake’s Jewish friend, is a former boxer who did not experience World War I firsthand like the rest of Jake’s friends. Hemingway explains why Robert boxes: He cared nothing for boxing, in fact he disliked it, but he learned it painfully and thoroughly to counteract the feeling of inferiority and shyness he had felt on being treated as a Jew at Princeton (11). Robert practices boxing as a way to counteract his insecurity; he thinks he will gain respect and intimidate others. Instead, Robert is always found to be the center of jokes and criticism from his peer group; he n onchalantly brushes it off but is concerned about his identity.Show MoreRelatedThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway Introduction Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is a classic work of American prose, and is essential to understanding the social climate of the 1920’s, and the â€Å"Lost Generation†. Hemingway’s motley cast of star-crossed lovers, rabble-rousers, expatriates, gamblers, and burgeoning alcoholics reflect the excitement, loneliness, and disillusionment experienced by Hemingway and his contemporaries. In addition, the post-war angst of young people of the time isRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages Books are long. While â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† by Ernest Hemingway is a relatively short book, it still contains a wealth of intricate detail. In any short analysis of such a work of literature, some detail is almost assuredly lost. Hemingway has a lot to say through this story, despite his brevity with words. While not necessarily the most important elements of the book, I shall cast our focus on what Hemingway says thr ough the characters alcoholism and personal relationships. These characters haveRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sun Also Rises, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a novel about a group of young expatriates, living in Paris after World War I and going on a trip to Spain filled with drinking, bullfighting, and much more. The protagonist, Jake Barnes, an impotent American WWI veteran and bullfighting aficionado, spends much of his time watching and sometimes helping Brett, the woman he loves, go off with other men. Most of the book takes place in urban areas like Paris and Pamplona is filled with drunken fightsRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises presents an interesting commentary on the fluidity of gender roles and the effects of stepping outside of the socially constructed binary approach to gender. Jake’s impotence and his inability to win Brett romantically results in a struggle with masculinity and inadequacy. Brett, possessing many masculine attributes, serves as a foil and embodies the masculinity the men in the novel lack. The juxtaposition of Jake’s struggle and Brett’s refusal to adhere to conventionalRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway1195 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful aspects of a book. For instance, when a reader reads the title The Sun Also Rises, written by Ernest Hemingway, the reader is able to understand that the title of the novel is connected directly to the message that the author is attempting to convey. The title later brings forth much more significance towards the very end of the novel when the reader pauses and contemplates Hemingway’s motives. The title The Sun Also Rises has the ability to stimulate deep thought within a reader, thus forcingRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay2149 Words   |  9 PagesErnest Hemingway was one of America’s premiere authors during the early 1900’s. He brilliantly wrote a short story or novel in a fashion that was unconventional for the time period. While reading any work by Hemingway the reader has to keep in mind that what is written might be tied to some other part in the story. Hemingway many different writing strategies to keep the reader engaged throughout his stories. Ernest Hemingway is able to keep the readers engaged throughout this novel by incorporatingRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1918 Words   |  8 PagesZach Ullom Eng-125F-SO2 Dr. Les Hunter December 3, 2015 Brett Ashley: Whore or Heroine in The Sun Also Rises After a thorough reading and in-depth analyzation of Ernest Hemingway’s riveting novel The Sun Also Rises, the character of Brett Ashley may be seen in a number of different ways. While some critics such as Mimi Reisel Gladstein view Brett as a Circe or bitch-goddess, others such as Carol H. Smith see Brett as a woman who has been emotionally broken by the world around her. I tend lean towardsRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe writer of The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway was a short story writer, journalist, and an American novelist. He produced most of his work between the nineteen twenties and nineteen fifties. One of Hemingway’s many novels, The Sun Also Rises was originally published on October 22, 1926. In the novel, The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses the lead female character, Lady Brett Ashley to portray the new age of women in that time period. In the beginning of the novel when Brett is introduced, sheRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway1101 Words   |  4 PagesIn most cases all anyone needs in life is love. But what is love? In The sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway we get the sad truth about what love sometimes is in the real world and in some cases alike this novel, there are many reasons in which love is lost. One of the reasons for lost love is sex. Unfortunately the sexual drive of other characters in the novel dictates whether they love each other or not. Another factor that plays a huge role of leaving love hopeless is alcohol. In this novelRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway2494 Words   |  10 PagesThe theme of male insecurity is a prominent theme in Ernest Hemingway s novel, The Sun Also Rises. While many soldiers suffered from disillusionment with the Great War and how it was supposed to make men of them, Jake bore the additional burden of insecurity because of his war wound. Inse curity operates on several levels and surfaces in many ways through the characters we encounter in this novel. We learn from observing Jake and his friends that manhood and insecurity are linked sometimes unfairly

Egyption Medicine Free Essays

The Egyptians had far more advanced medical techniques than people had in Prehistoric times. The main reason for this is their religion. They believed in life after death, therefore they felt it was very important to treat the corpses with a lot of care. We will write a custom essay sample on Egyption Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were prepared for the afterlife. This meant the Egyptians gained a lot of knowledge about anatomy. The process they went through to preserve the bodies Is called embalming. It was noticed that the organs In the body would not remain preserved so they removed them before the burial. They were placed Into canopy Jars, then the body was treated with salts. These salts and the desert alarm dried out the bodies and later they would be wrapped In hundreds of yards of linen. After 70 days, the embalming process was complete and the mummy would be placed Inside a specially made coffin with things that made them comfortable In life. Their way of life also helped them gain medical knowledge. The River Nile was crucial to them surviving on the dry deserts. Once a year the river flooded, it gave their fields the nutrients needed to grow crops. To keep their crops growing all year round they developed a channel system, they dug irrigation ditches and used pipes to get the water from the Nile to their fields. This inspired an analogy, they figured that being as their crops would die if they water couldn’t get to them; that it would harm the body if blood couldn’t travel round it. The conclusion was then came to that, the human body was also full of channels, that carried fluids to the vital organs. If a channel in the body got blocked, it would cause problems. This was crucial to medicine, as it was the first thought of practical cures for illness. It was thought, that to unblock the vessels purging, vomiting and bleeding should be used. However their religious beliefs also prevented them from making any more medical advances. They treated the corpses too well, and did not examine them as they thought they were needed in the afterlife. On top of this, they still believed that evil spirits caused a lot of illnesses and held great faith in their Gods to cure them. How to cite Egyption Medicine, Papers

Legal Aspects of International Business and Enterprise Sample

Questions: 1.Identify a Multinational Company Operating in Australia. 2.Identify any Regulatory Framework affecting the Multinational Company you have Identified Operating in Australia and Discuss why and how it affects the Company. 3.Identify any treaties, Conventions or Agreements that have Impacted on the Products or Services that Multinational Company Provides in Australia. Answers: 1.The chosen organization for the study is British Airways which also operates in Australia. The company operates in aviation sector and is one of the biggest in UK. It carries highest number of passengers, following EasyJet.It has global headquarters at London Heathrow Airport. Number of staff in Australia and Number of staff globally: In Australia, British Airways has around 2,900 employees (Topham, 2017) however the total number of employees is 42,322 till 2015. This statistic explains the whole number of workers who are employed at British Airways Plc globally between 2008 and 2015. The amount of BAs workers was reducing subsequent to the worldwide recession, however it started to raise once more in 2011 and raised to beyond 42K workers in the year 2015, even though this was again lesser than the staff members employed in 2008. British Airways has been seen as the flagship airways of the UK. Source: (Statists.com2015, 2017) 2.Air service agreements Air service agreements (ASAs), frequently alluded to as bilateral contracts, have negotiations among governments. The result is subject to the arranging force and current avionics strategies of the nations included and other national interests including tourism and exchange (International Airlines, 2012). The air servicing contract can set up standards connecting the job of IATA and ICAO, albeit nor is an immediate gathering to the arrangements (Abeyratne, 2005). The significant arrangements in a considerable lot of the first contracts depended on the 1946 understanding among the US and the UK, known as Bermuda I (DE ROOS, MILLS and WHELAN, 2010). The trading in air segment happens in the desire of corresponding advantages being allowed. This makes it unique in relation to exchange different merchandise and ventures, which are exchanged on a standard of near preferred standpoint. Air servicing understandings have formalized this idea of correspondence. The real arrangements change in every contract except they can incorporate perspectives on: market. access, named courses to be served by every nation, which opportunities are to be provided, limit (size of flying machine), recurrence of flights, and technique for deciding levies (Guidelines for the preparation, 2002). The bilateral conciliation procedure has the additional weaknesses of being lengthy, tedious, exorbitant and offering a level of insurance which may conflict with the interests of airplane terminals and local advancement by restricting development and openings (Carroll, 2011). Supporters of the administrative system, notwithstanding, contend that the flying business has picked up from the gauges set up, as the administrative structure allowed the efficient advancement of a perplexing industry all through the world. On the substance of it, the advantages and expenses of reciprocal air servicing contracts have changed extensively after some time, amongst understandings and individual courses: and between nations with built up airline(s) and those nations trying to build up new bearers. Customary respective air servicing understandings contain prohibitive and protectionist arrangements yet this is not to state the framework has fizzled the business. Universal avionics activity for Australia has developed amazingly over numerous years. Propels in innovation and advertising systems don't seem to have been restrained. Numerous nations, particularly creating countries, trust that the respective framework serves them well by guaranteeing measure up to rights in air transport game plans. Singular nations have fluctuating sentiments in light of saw national expenses and advantages, which mirror their diverse financial conditions and carrier abilities. The three institutional parts of the administrative administration, ICAO, IATA and reciprocal air servicing understandings, exist independently yet their exercises are interrelated. For instance, incorporating IATA taxes in reciprocal air servicing understandings gives them authenticity, henceforth agreeableness. Institutionalization and harmonization is served by each of the three. The administrative system, which bolstered the coordination and deliberate procedure of the universal avion ics administration, was set apart by an extremely stable period from the mid 1940s to the 1970s. Since the 1970s breaks have been showing up in the framework making a substantially more insecure condition than was already the case. The Australian Government in July 1992 built up the International Air Services Commission (IASC) as an autonomous statutory expert. The IASC's part is to dispense limit rights to Australian transporters and course privileges accessible under bilateral benefit understandings. In making its conclusions the MSC takes after an open advantage test. The Commission's strategy is to promote limit as it ends up noticeably accessible and welcome entries to work the course; these entries are set on the general population record and further remarks and entries might be made. On thought of these entries a draft assurance is made open and further remark welcomed. Taking after this a last assurance is made. The IASC may, whenever, embrace a survey of an assurance in the event that it accepts there might be reason for fluctuating, suspending or disavowing the assurance. The assurance must be differed, suspended or repudiated if: a term or state of the assurance has been ruptured; that an adjustment in conditions implies a break is likely later on; or the bearer does not utilize completely its designated limit. Beforehand, in Australia, worldwide limit rights had been accessible just to Qantas. With the 1992 presentation of a multi-designation approach by the Australian Government some reciprocal air servicing understandings should have been renegotiated. The Government has given Qantas a level of insurance amid the move to multi-designation by distributing to Qantas the limit and course privileges being utilized by it at26 February 1992 for a time of up to five years, after which the rights can be challenged at the reestablishment arrange. Qantas additionally got underutilized limit and course privileges adequate for it to present various arranged new administrations by November 1992 for a time of three years. Since its foundation the IASC has welcomed applications and entries for new limit covering a scope of courses all through the world. Extra bearers have been allowed abil ity to work global air administrations. Another range of late change was in aircraft possession and operation. Confinements on cross speculation between Australian bearers, and the refinement amongst household and global transporters, were expelled. In June 1992 the Australian Government declared that Qantas would have the capacity to buy Australian Airlines, and other Australian bearers would have the capacity to give global administrations, subject to criteria. In September 1992 Qantas concluded the buy of Australian Airlines. Residential transporters were currently ready to apply for assignment on global courses and Qantas initiated conveying local travellers on 1 November 1992. The third significant range of change was the presentation of multi-designation. Australian transporters, moreover 'to Qantas, are currently qualified for work as worldwide bearers in spite of the fact that for no less than three years get to is confined to new or unused limit. In June 1992 the Federal Parliament passed enactment building up the International Air Services Commission (IASC), which was given the continuous duty to choose aircrafts to work accessible worldwide courses (see prior area for extra subtle elements). The IASC has offered limit in a number of business sectors, at first Brunei, Burma, China, India and Sri Lanka, and later Austria, Bahrain, Egypt, France, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland, with all the more being offered as they end up noticeably accessible. Various existing and new Australian bearers connected for accessible limit under the new administrative condition in late 1992 to mid 1993. Some in this way pulled back their entries. The IASC made its first assurance in January 1993. It has allotted ability to Qantas, Ansett (beforehand a residential transporter) and Australia Air International, another bearer looking to open up administrations to China. National Airlines, an air freight non-scheduled aircraft, likewise got ability to give booked payload administrations to New Zealand. The formation of single aeronautics markets (or local coalitions) can possibly altogether impact universal flying game plans. Various global air service contracts might require to be generously updated. Regardless of whether a future framework will be really multilateral in nature or simply supplant nations with districts in conventional bilateral transactions is not clear till now. 3.As the stress of tax is being diminished for trade, it is essential that extra actions are taken to fortify the uprightness of Australia's corporate tax source. The Australian Government is focused on guaranteeing organizations pay the appropriate measure of tax in Australia as they work together in Australia. The Australian Government has effectively actualized intense fresh regulations to be decisive in opposition to tax evasion and have been driving the path in executing procedures harmonized through the G20 and OECD. A year before the Government initiated into assembly the Multinational Anti Avoidance Law (MAAL) to certify that substantial MNCs operational in Australia are accountable to the Australian tax regulations. The endorsement was ordered in December 2015. In the latest plans, the Government has focussed on expanding on accessible procedures by bringing an additional Diverted Profits Tax and altogether making the ATO's requirement abilities to be better. The Diverted Profits Tax will enforce a 40 % retribution rate of tax on substantial MNCs that try to shift their Australian servicing seaward to refrain from making tax- payments. Collectively, the MAAL and the Diverted Profits Tax are the basis to lift approx $650 million over four years as of substantial MNCs. These are authentic treads in the combat in opposition to corporate tax evasion that are equipped by further intense latest actions in the 2016-17. Budget also focussed on avoiding multinational servicing moving, reinforce requirement and enhance corporate tax straightforwardness. Harder commandments A fresh Diverted Profits Tax forestalling MNCs moving benefits created in Australia seaward to abstain from tax paymentsPutting off MNCs from abusing cross-country taxation contrasts to concede or abstain from tax paymentssupporting exchange estimating regulations with the most recent worldwide rules More grounded consistence A fresh Tax Avoidance squad will reinforce the ATO's review and consistence exercisesA fresh Tax Transparency system will empower more prominent tax straightforwardness by huge partnershipsProtecting informants that give data on tax evasion to the ATOImproving a divulgence administration to reveal forceful tax arranging plansIncreasing punishments for break of tax detailing commitments by vast organizations The fresh Tax Avoidance squad Requirement of offered laws and the extreme fresh actions declared in the 201617 Budget will be bolstered by extra subsidizing to the ATO to set up another Tax evading squad. The squad is there to seek after tax shirking by MNCs and high riches people. It is relied upon to lift up $3.7 billion of extra Government income throughout the following 4 years (Apps, 2017). Another Tax Transparency system The Government is focused on empowering more prominent tax straightforwardness inside the corporate segment, particularly by MNC. The Tax Transparency system will empower organizations with a yearly earnings of $100 at least million to distribute data to bolster more prominent and better educated open examination. The Government urges all organizations to receive the system from the 2016 budgetary year onwards. New assurances for informants The Government looks forward to present new informant assurances for individuals who unveil data regarding taxation wrongdoing to the ATO. Informants will have their character shielded and will be shielded as of exploitation and common and unlawful activity for revealing data to the ATO. These assurances will urge informants to approach and assist bolster consistence with Australia's tax regulations. Another facility for exposure of probable tax evasion The Government is resolved to enhance exposure of taxpayer data to the ATO, and will counsel on new principles needing tax and money related guides to report conceivably forceful tax arranging plans. These standards will present the ATO an additional instrument to battle the utilization of forceful tax plans and cut-off the open door for these plans to be showcased. Expanded punishments The Government will build the punishments for rupture of tax detailing commitments for organizations with worldwide wages of at least AUD 1billion. The Australian Government will build the most extreme punishment from AUD 4,500 to AUD 450,000 for neglecting to cabin tax proceeds and comparable tax records on time. There is a proposal for two-folding the punishments for putting forth false and deluding expressions to the ATO. These fresh punishments will drive plain message that the Government won't endure wrong or postponed tax revealing and organization by huge organizations. Source: (Detzen, Stork genannt Wersborg and Zlch, 2017) Making multinationals pay tax on what they gain in Australia The latest Diverted Profits Taxation will help guarantee that extensive MNCs are paying the perfect measure of taxation on services created in Australia. The Diverted Profits Taxing will start on 1 July 2017 and connect to MNCs utilizing manufactured or imagined game plans to decrease tax by redirecting benefits seaward. The Diverted Profits Taxation courses of action will furnish the ATO with more prominent forces to manage stubborn MNCs and give solid motivators to substantial organizations to pay a proper measure of tax. The Diverted Profits Tax will expand the ATO's extension to recognize huge multinationals trying to dodge tax by moving benefits out of Australia and will exact a taxing rate of 40% on exchanges that are gotten a punishment contrasted with the usual organization tax rate. The Diverted Profits Taxation will fortify Australia's situation as having among the hardest regulations on the planet to battle corporate tax evasion. The Diverted Profits Taxing will give the ATO more noteworthy forces to battle corporate tax evasion. Keeping the abuse of cross-nation tax contracts (Gov.uk, 2017), the Government will likewise close provisos that enable MNCs to abuse the contrasts among the tax dealing of elements and instruments crosswise over various nations. These provisos empower multinationals to acquire out of line tax points of interest over simply household organizations (Budget.gov.au, 2017). For instance, a credit from a parent organization to its auxiliary might be dealt with as value in one nation's tax regulation and obligation in any other. Devoid of the Government's progressions, the backup might have been permitted to assert a finding for intrigue instalments made to its host yet the host organization would not shell out taxation on those instalments. Ways to secure escape clauses, for example, these have been concurred by the OECD. These intense new 'hostile to half and half' guidelines will become effective by 1 January 2018 or six months taking after the contract (Bourassa and Hendershott, 2017). The Government will refresh enactment to close escape clauses that enable MNCs to utilize unnecessary related-party instalments to move benefits abroad and diminish the tax they shell out in Australia. Trade estimating regulations manage the manner in which organizations set costs for the exchange of products and enterprises among their distinctive organizations in various nations. The OECD has refreshed its direction on how these exchanges ought to be valued. The Government will alter enactment to guarantee this refreshed direction is applicable in Australia. The latest direction will make clearer the way in which licensed innovation and different intangibles can be evaluated and illuminate that it is the stuff as opposed to the legally binding type of an exchange that is important. References Abeyratne, R. (2005). Trademarks of the Airline Industry. The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 2(1), pp.155-167. Apps, P. (2017). Comment:Taxation reform and income Distribution in Australia. Australian Economic Review, 19(3), pp.57-59. Bourassa, S. and Hendershott, P. (2017). On the equity effects of taxing imputed rent: Evidence from Australia. Housing Policy Debate, 5(1), pp.73-95. Budget.gov.au. (2017). Budget 2016-17 - Making our tax system more sustainable (continued). [online] Available at: https://www.budget.gov.au/2016-17/content/glossies/tax_super/html/tax_super-01.htm [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]. Carroll, S. (2011). Conciliation biology: the eco-evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems. Evolutionary Applications, 4(2), pp.184-199. De Roos, N., Mills, G. and Whelan, S. (2010). Pricing Dynamics in the Australian Airline Market*. Economic Record, 86(275), pp.545-562. Detzen, D., Stork genannt Wersborg, T. and Zlch, H. (2017). Impairment of Goodwill and Deferred Taxes Under IFRS. Australian Accounting Review, 26(3), pp.301-311. International Airlines. (2012). 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: MarketLine, a Datamonitor business. Guidelines for the preparation of site nominating documentation for the East Asian-Australasian shorebird site network. (2002). 1st ed. Canberra: Environment Australia. Gov.uk. (2017). Doing business in Australia: Australia trade and export guide - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-to-australia/exporting-to-australia [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]. Statista.com 2015 (2017). British Airways' total worldwide personnel 2008-2015 | Statistics. [online] Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/309531/british-airways--total-worldwide-personnel/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017]. Topham, G. (2017). British Airways cabin crew to stage six-day walkout in pay dispute. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/27/british-airways-cabin-crew-walkout-strike-pay-dispute [Accessed 25 Apr. 2017].

Hamlet Friends Essays - Fiction, Characters In Hamlet, Literature

Hamlet Friends In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, Prince Hamlet replaces the letter that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are carrying to England with a forgery of his own making, thus sending these two men to their deaths. He does this without giving it a second thought and never suffers from any guilt or remorse for his actions. Considering that these two men were friends from his youth, this would at first glance seem to reflect poorly on his character. However, one must consider carefully the characters of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern before passing judgment on Hamlet. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent for by the King and Queen to spy on Hamlet and learn why he "puts on this confusion" (III, i.2). While some are fooled by Hamlet's act of insanity, the king is not. He is convinced that it is an act and, being a sly man himself, he suspects that Hamlet is up to something. Having obtained the throne through deceit and murder, he believes Hamlet capable of the same. While King Claudius is evil, he is not a fool and he would never have sent for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern if they were such close friends of Hamlet. They are even told outright that they will be rewarded for their efforts (II, ii. 21-6). The very fact that they undertake this task for the king is proof enough of their lack of love and loyalty toward Hamlet. Despite their actions, Prince Hamlet gives them ample opportunity to show their loyalty by admitting that they were sent for and why. By showing so much reluctance, they show themselves to be allied with the king. Hamlet asks them to "be even and direct with me, whether you were sent for or no." But after this direct question, Rosencrantz still looks at Guildenstern and asks if they should tell the truth (II, ii. 303-5). There is no reason to believe that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have the conviction that Prince Hamlet is indeed insane. When they report back to the king, they refer to Hamlet's actions as a "crafty madness" used to mislead them concerning "his true state" (III, i. 6-8). They openly discuss Hamlet's actions and motives with the king, once again showing their true alliance. Later, when the king decides to send Hamlet to England guarded by these men, they affirm his actions and any future actions that may be carried out toward Hamlet. They know that Hamlet is fully aware of their alliance with the king and therefore their lives have value only as long as the king lives. "The cease of majesty dies not alone, but like a gulf doth draw what's near it with it" (III, iii, 16-8). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were present when Hamlet spoke to the head player about adding a few lines to the play "The Murder of Gonzago." They did not actually hear what those lines were to be, but surely they could not help but realize that the king's anger during the play was probably related to the changes Hamlet made. When the king rose in anger and left, he was followed by everyone except Hamlet and Horatio. Hamlet, of course, was not concerned for the king, since he knew the cause of his anger. Horatio's heart was turned toward Hamlet, so he also remained behind. Had Rosencrantz and Guildenstern been loyal to Hamlet, they would have remained behind also, but ambition sent them after the man who held the throne. When they do return, they pretend great love toward Hamlet, only to be rebuked as liars. Hamlet is fully aware of their schemes to manipulate him and tells them they show little respect for him in their attempts to do so. "Why, look you now, how unworthy a thing you make of me" (III,ii. 371-2)! They think they can pluck the right strings and Hamlet will open his whole heart to them, but Hamlet is no insane fool. He reads them in ways that they are unable to read him. After Hamlet confronts his mother, the queen, he reveals to her that he is fully aware of the danger that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern represent to him. They are no longer childhood friends, but rather "adders fanged." They are involved in a conspiracy to destroy Hamlet and he will see them "hoist with (their) own petar." Not only does he intend to outsmart these meddling fools, but he will relish it as well. "O, 'tis most sweet..." (III, iv. 225-32). Hamlet at one time was slow to avenge his father's death for fear of

20 Most Famous Quotes From the Roman Poet Ovid

20 Most Famous Quotes From the Roman Poet Ovid Ovid, born Publius Ovidius Naso, was a Roman poet best known for his epic work, Metamorphoses, his love poems, and his mysterious banishment from Rome.   Metamorphoses is a narrative poem comprised of 15 books and stands as one of the most important works of classical mythology. It recounts the history of the world from the creation of the universe up until the life of Julius Caesar by telling over 250 myths.   Born to a well-to-do family in 43 BCE, Ovid pursued poetry despite his father’s hopes that he would delve into law and politics. The young man made a wise choice. His first book, Amores (The Loves), a collection of erotic poems, proved an instant success. He followed that with two more impressive collections of erotic poetry,  Heriodes  (The Heroines), Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), and a number of other works.   Sometime around 8 CE, Ovid was exiled from Rome by Emperor Augustus and his books were ordered removed from Roman libraries. Historians are not certain what the writer did to offend the rules, but Ovid, in a poem called Epistulae ex Ponto, claimed  that â€Å"a poem and a mistake† were his undoing. He was sent to the Black Sea city of Tomis in what is now Romania. He died there in 17 CE. Whatever his crimes, his work endures and he ranks among the most important and influential poets of his time. Here are 20 of his most famous quotes on love, life, and more. Keeping an Optimistic Outlook Be patient and tough; someday this pain will be useful to you. /  Dolor hic  tibi  proderit  olim There are a thousand forms of evil; there will be a thousand remedies. On Bravery The gods favor the bold. Courage conquers all things; it even gives strength to the body. On Work Ethic   He who is not prepared today will be less so tomorrow. /  Qui  non  est  hodie  cras  minus  aptus  erit Either do not attempt at all or go through with it. A burden which is done well becomes light. /  Leve fit, quod bene  fertur,  onus   Take rest; a field that has rested gives a bountiful crop. The workmanship surpassed the subject matter. /  Materiam  superabat  opus   Dripping hollows out a rock. /  Gutta  cavat  lapidem   On Love To be loved, be lovable. Every lover is a soldier and has his camp in Cupid. /  Militat  omnis  amans  et  habet  sua  castra Cupido Wine gives courage and makes men more apt for passion. Everyone is a millionaire where promises are concerned. General Words of Wisdom It is art to conceal art. /  Ars est  celare  artem Often the prickly thorn produces tender roses. /  Saepe  creat  molles  aspera  spina  rosas We are slow to believe that which if believed would hurt our feelings. Habits change into character. In our play we reveal what kind of people we are. He who has lived in obscurity has lived well. /  Bene  qui  latuit  bene  vixit

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Analysis - Essay Example ith the bank for the sole purpose of availing of the home loan, he should have been made aware that applying for a loan does not necessarily indicate that he could immediately be approved just because he has an account with the bank. As stipulated, the home loans at low interest rates were offered for account holders; meaning, those who have had established a historical experience as an account holder for a considerable amount of time could avail of the home loan (but does not guarantee approval). As he was an account holder and assuming he met all the requirements needed to avail of the home loan within the two-month period, his application could still have been processed, as promised and he could follow up with the loan officer the decision on his home loan application. Still, it does not guarantee that his application would be approved. In this regard, Sam could not sue the bank simply on the premise that the bank withdrew the offer toward the end of the second month, since there could also be valid reasons for this. Taking it from the perspective of the bank, their legal department is sure to have covered all the rules and laws pertinent to making the promotional offer and must have stipulated that they have to option to withdraw the offer for reasons beyond their control (like a bad turn of the economy; stipulations from the government, like what happened with sub-prime mortgage loans; and no account holder qualified to avail of the home

Motivating Arab Americans to Participate in Politics Article

Motivating Arab Americans to Participate in Politics - Article Example Susana Dabaja was the first Arab American to be elected as the president of the City Council of Dearborn City in Michigan. It was in January 2014 that Susana Dabaja and her other fellow Arab Americans i.e. David Bazzy, Robert Abraham and Mike Sareini made the majority of the 7 seat city Council of Dearborn (Elian). In the year 2013, the highest volume of Arab American candidates was seen running the local offices which were never ever seen before in the history of America, thereby breaking ground in their own respective cities in the struggle to win the right to the â€Å"chair†. Currently, Arab Americans who are running offices in Dearborn City Council include Susan Dabaja - who is the president of the Council, Rose Hykel - who holds the position of the tax collector since the year 1997, Robert Alex Abraham who is also serving at the Council from year 2002 and Mike Sareini who is a Councilman. According to the statistics, it can be seen that the number of Arab Americans involved in politics and running offices has drastically increased over the years. If we look through the number of Arab American running offices we can observe that they are quite less in number than the other ethnic groups present in America. The ratio of Arab Americans in American politics is less than many of the other ethnic group’s interests in the American politics. Although the number of Arab Americans has drastically increased after the Iraq War still it is less than many other groups. Therefore there is a need of motivating the Arab Americans to actively take part in politics or at least learn the importance of their vote so that their respective ethnic group is not deprived of their rights.

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture Essay

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture - Essay Example The head quarters is expected to be run by a total of 5000 employees comprising those in the production unit, assemble plant and various positions of marketing. Each distribution shop is expected to have 3 shopkeepers. The mission of the company is to become the gateway to academic success for students at all levels of education in the UK, especially those at the pre-tertiary level who hardly have any opportunity of owning their own Tablet PCs. The company’s business composition comprises three major aspects of work, which are production, marketing and servicing. For each of these components of business, the company has different capabilities, which are spread across different stages of the company’s lifeline. These are briefly summarised in the table below Different components of business are expected to be made up of different personnel in terms of numbers, qualification, job type, and job description. There shall however be no specific requirements by way of gender. The table below outlines the number personnel and qualifications needed for each component by timeline of the company. The three major components are going to be managed by different hierarchies of managers, administrators and supervisors. The hierarchy is needed to make the practice of organisational reporting easier and free flowing. The chart below gives an overview of the organisational hierarchy to be in place at the workplace The product named Slate is a basically an academic Tablet PC. This means the product can be described from two major perspectives, which are academic and Tablet PC. The academic component is simply made of both pre-installed and customised educational tools. The pre-installed educational tools focus on school based syllabus for different courses at different stages of education. At the secondary level for example, there will be syllabus on courses such as Biology, Geography, Home Science, etc. The tablet component is basically a

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Abstract The present study was carried out to assess heavy metals Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) levels in vegetables like Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Carrot (Daucus carota), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus sativus) irrigated with domestic wastewater. The vegetable samples were randomly collected from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the Hisar district. Spinach, cabbage, carrot, brinjal and carrot accumulated higher Cd (1.30ÂÂ ±0.31), Pb (4.23ÂÂ ±0.32 mg kg-1), Cu (1.42ÂÂ ±0.25 mg kg-1), Zn (3.4ÂÂ ±0.28 mg kg-1), Cr (1.16ÂÂ ±0.11 mg kg-1) and Ni (2.45ÂÂ ±0.86 mg kg-1) respectively. Transfer Factor (TF) of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni are more in spinach (0.0306), cabbage (0.4448), spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2494), carrot (0.0764) and spinach (0.7469) respectively. The health risk assessment has bee n calculated followed by Estimated Daily Intake Metal (EDIM) and Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI). The present study highlights that both adults and children consuming vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated soils accumulate significant amount of these metals. However, the values of these metals were lesser than recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the FAO/WHO (1999). Keywords: Daily intake, Heavy metals, Plant uptake, Risk Assessment, Reference dose, EDIM, EHRI Introduction Indian economy is based on agriculture and having second largest population in the world. Most of its states are depends on the monsoon. There are two main sources for irrigation. First one is canal and second is ground water but the quality of ground water is so poor for the long sustainability of agriculture system. This water is not adequate to fulfill the crop water requirement and needs additional extra water for agricultural purposes. To cater the need of the present demand for irrigation, use of municipal domestic wastewater, is becoming a common practice in urban areas of Haryana, India. This causes serious problems of salinity and ultimately reduction in agriculture production (Marshall et al., 2007, Singh et al., 2010). The large amounts of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater are used for year round irrigation of vegetables. Such waste water usually contains heavy metals that accumulate in the soil. The use of such untreated wastewater has been reported to cause co ntaminations of the food chain (Wang et al., 2004; Mapanda et al., 2005). Some trace amount of heavy metals such as Zn and Cu are essential for the growth of organisms while others such as Cd and Pb are toxic (McBride, 1994, Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007). Dietary uptake pathway could be through crops irrigated with contaminated wastewater and have been reported to contain large amount of toxic heavy metals which may lead to health disorders in humans depending on the uptake of these metals into plant and consumed by animals or humans (Bosso and Enzweiler, 2008; Fu et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2008; Agbenin et al., 2009). Consumption of metal contaminated vegetables may lead to a weakened immune system, intra-uterine growth retardation, impaired psycho-social behavior, high prevalence of upper gastrointestinal cancer and other disorders typically associated with malnutrition (Arora et al., 2008). Potential health risks to humans from consumption of vegetables can be due to heavy metal uptake from contaminated soils via plant roots as well as direct deposition of contaminants from the atmosphere onto plant surfaces (McBride, 2003). A number of previous studies from developing countries have reported heavy metal contamination in wastewater and wastewater irrigated soil (Cao and Hu, 2000; Mapanda et al., 2005; Nyamangara and Mzezewa, 1999; Singh et al., 2004; Nan et al., 2002). Dietary intake is the main route of exposure of heavy metals for most people (Tripathi et al., 1997). The information about heavy metal concentrations in different type of vegetables and their dietary intake is very important for assessing their risk to human health. Heavy metals in the nutrient cycle have seriously threatened health and environmental integrity, therefore, problem of heavy metal contamination in vegetables should be studied in details to develop central strategies. The objective of presen t study was bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated by domestic wastewater and assessment of health rick due to these heavy metals. Materials and methods Study area and sampling All samples were randomly collected from the farmlands irrigated with domestic wastewater around the three different locations such as Rishi Nager (L1), New Police Line (L2) and Ludass village (L3) of Hisar district of Haryana, India. Soil samples were collected at the surface depth of 10cm using stainless steel spade sampling tools and plastic buckets to avoid any contamination of samples with traces of elements from the tools. At each sampling site, scrape away surface debris and remove a core sample to the appropriate depth. Soil samples were air dried, ground, passed through a 2mm sieve and stored in plastic bags for further analysis. Five ground Water and seven wastewater samples were also collected from the each location. All samples were collected and stored and kept at 4oC for further analysis in polythene bags/canes according to their type and brought to the laboratory for metal quantification. Sample preparation All the collected Vegetables were washed with double distilled water to remove airborne particles. The edible parts of the samples were weighed and soils samples were air-dried at room temperature, to reduce water content. All the samples were then oven-dried in a hot air oven at 70ÂÂ ±5 oC for 24 h. Dried samples were powdered using a pestle and mortar and sieved through muslin cloth. Digestion of the vegetable and soils samples For each vegetable, three powdered samples from each source of domestic wastewater irrigation (1.0 g each) were accurately weighed and placed in crucibles, three replicates for each sample. The soil and vegetable ash samples were digested with perchloric acid and nitric acid (1:4) solution. The samples were left to cool and contents were filtered through Whitman filter paper No. 40. Each sample solution was made up to a final volume of 50 ml with distilled water and concentration of heavy metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ASS: model AA6300, Shimadzu). Risk Assessment Transfer Factor (TF) The transfer factor (TF) of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) from the soil to vegetables were calculated using below given equation 1(Cui et al., 2004; Gupta, et al., 2010): (1) Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM) The Estimated daily oral intake of metals from soil through vegetables in mg was calculated by equation 2: (2) Where; Cm is heavy metals conc. in vegetable plants (mg/kg), CF is conversion factor, DI is daily intake of vegetables (kg/ person/day) and BAw is Average body weight (kg). The conversion factor used to convert fresh green vegetable weight to dry weight was 0.085, as described by Rattan et al., 2005; Khan et al., 2008, Arora et al., 2008). The average daily vegetable intakes for adults and children were considered to be 0.250 and 0.150 kg/ person/day, respectively, while average body weights were taken as 55 and 25 kg of the age of 35 and 16 years respectively for adult and child. Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI) Estimated health risk index (EHRI) is the ratio of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) to the reference dose (RD) is defined as the maximum tolerable daily intake of a specific metal that does not result in any harmful health effects. If the value of EHRI less than one than the exposed population is said to be safe and if greater than one indicating that there is a potential risk associated with that metal (IRIS, 2003) was calculated by below given equation: (3) Result and discussion Metal concentration level in water and soil The quality of domestic wastewater and ground water (tube well) was assessed for irrigation with respect to their pH, EC, OC and some of the heavy metals. The pH of the sewage water in the range of 6.8-7.3 (7.03ÂÂ ±0.07) was lower than the ground water as collected from the nearby area in the ranged of 7.2- 7.9 (7.6ÂÂ ±0.12) while its salt content (EC) was in the ranged of 175.8-195.3 mS/m considerably higher than those of ground waters (148.9-158.6 mS/m). The concentration for heavy metal contents in domestic wastewater and in ground water samples shows that Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni (figure 1) are well within the limits permissible limit set by FAO (1985) and PFA (2000). In general, concentrations of heavy metals were higher side in domestic wastewater than in the ground waters (Tube Well) which could be toxic to some crops and human health. In the studied area, the concentration of all the heavy metals in water and domestic wastewater were found to be higher except Zn fr om the permissible limits of Indian standards (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The total concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni) in soils sampled at the three different sites are presented in figure 2. The average pH of the location-I (7.04ÂÂ ±011), location-II (7.02ÂÂ ±0.19) and location-III (7.0ÂÂ ±0.03) soil are almost nearly neutral. The electrical conductivity (EC) was 190.2-273.6 mS/m for location-I, 202.8-247.2 mS/m for location -II and 170-271.3 mS/m for location-III. The percent organic carbon contents in soil were higher due to constant domestic wastewater irrigation and ranged from 3.48-5.2% for location-I, 3.85-5.54% for location-II and 3-69-5.6% for location-III. As the sub soils were clayey the organic carbon was found to be in high percent. Soil organic carbon is the most important indicator of soil quality and in addition to acting as a store-house of the plant nutrients plays a major role in nutrient cycling (Rattan et al., 2005). Across the study area, wide ranges of soil heavy metal concentration were observed and are shown in figure 3. The observed concentration of heavy metal in ranged between 37.76-73.5 mg kg-1 for Cd, 2.74-22.44 mg kg-1 for Pb, 0.54-24.16 mg kg-1 for Cu, 0.96-12.44 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.21-72.85 mg kg-1 for Cr, 1.37-6.47 mg kg-1 for Ni, and 249.3-773.4 mg kg-1 for Fe for location-I. For location-II, heavy metals ranged between 23.7-103.7 mg kg-1 for Cd, 5.67-30.99 mg kg-1 for Pb, 3.04-16.47 mg kg-1 for Cu, 3.16-9.16 mg kg-1 for Zn, 3.19-41.35 mg kg-1 for Cr and 4.68-13.77 mg kg-1 for Ni; 6.31-66.61 mg kg-1 for Cd, 3.20-19.60 mg kg-1 for Pb, 1.35-11.81 mg kg-1 for Cu, 4.47-15.55 mg kg-1 for Zn, 1.38-3.54-46.64 mg kg-1 for Cr and 1.38-9.99 mg kg-1 for Ni for location-III. The domestic wastewater irrigated soil in all locations, the heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr) concentrations was not significantly and for Zn and Cr is significant at (P The results have clearly indicated higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If the same trend continues the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase in organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. This may be a cause of prime concern in near future. Long-term application of domestic wastewater will result in increase in organic carbon and decrease in pH. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables The concentrations of heavy metals in edible part of vegetables (Table 3 and figure 2) were investigated in vegetables which is commonly grown. The bioaccumulations of heavy metals concentration in all the vegetables are different, so no similar trend have been observed for heavy metal concentration. The heavy metals bioaccumulation in cauliflower was Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr, for cabbage was Pb > Zn > Cd > Cr > Cu > Ni, for carrot was Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd, for brinjal Zn > Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr > Cu, for spinach was Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd > Cu > Cr , a similar trend have also been observed by Pandey and Pandey (2009) and for radish Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd. Cauliflower accumulated in the range of 0.15-0.27 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.14-0.34 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.7-1.75 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.9-5.9 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.10-0.35 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.60 mg kg-1 Ni, cabbage accumulated 0.30-1.20 mg kg-1 Cd, 3.37-5.37 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.06-1.10 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.74-4.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.06-1.23 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-0.34 mg kg-1 Ni, carrot accumulated 0.20-0.70 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.98-3.25 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.55-1.95 mg kg-1 Cu, 2.65-4.02 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.96-1.50 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.85-1.36 mg kg-1 Ni, brinjal accumulated 0.50-1.10 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.80-2.64 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.30-0.46 mg kg-1 Cu, 3.26-3.90 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.30-1.02 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.64-0.86 mg kg-1 Ni, spinach accumulated 0.7-1.88 mg kg-1 Cd, 1.26-3.8 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.90-1.45 mg kg-1Cu, 1.6-6.75 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.65-1.05 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.01-3.80 mg kg-1 Ni, and radish accumulated 0.22-0.38 mg kg-1 Cd, 0.64-1.24 mg kg-1 Pb, 0.19-1.30 mg kg-1 Cu, 0.56-2.70 mg kg-1 Zn, 0.76-1.25 mg kg-1 Cr and 0.21-2.40 mg kg-1 Ni. The range of Cd concentration in brinjal (0.50-1.10 mg kg-1) recorded in this study was lower than the range (1.10 9.20 ÃŽÂ ¼g g-1) reported by Sharma et al. (2006). Vegetables (spinach and cabbage), range of Ni concentration was highest in spinach (0.01-3.80 mg kg-1). These values were lower than the range (5.55 15.00 ÃŽÂ ¼g g-1) reported by Sharma et al., 2006 and Singh et al., 2010 in spinach from Dinapur area as well as the range (0.2 3.0 mg kg-1) in spinach from waste water irrigated areas of Hyderabad reported by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). In cabbage concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and were lower during the present study as compared to those obtained by Sridhara Chary et al. (2008). The present concentration (mg kg-1) of 0.30ÂÂ ±0.03 for Cd, 0.94ÂÂ ±0.10 for Pb, 0.83ÂÂ ±0.18 for Cu and 0.94ÂÂ ±0.09 for Cr in radish were lower than the values obtained for radish collected from a suburban area of Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China (Liu et a l. 2006). Khan et al. (2008) have reported higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni and in radish plants grown at waste water irrigated areas of Beijing than the clean water irrigated ones. Among all the heavy metals, Zn concentration (4.26ÂÂ ±0.06) was higher and Cr (0.09ÂÂ ±0.07) was lower in cauliflower. Radwan Salama (2006) have also found highest concentration of Zn in vegetables collected from Egyptian markets. The bioaccumulation of Cd in spinach is higher than all the tested vegetable samples and similar result have also observed by Zhuang et al., 2009 in chaina. The bioaccumulation of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were found higher in cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, carrot and radish respectively. The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals in all the vegetables below the Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). Heavy metal transfer factor Due to industrialization and urbanization, the heavy metal concentration of soil has increased worldwide. Soil-to- plant transfer of heavy metal is major pathway of human exposure to soil contamination (Chi et al, 2004). The high transfer factor from soil to plants indicates a strong accumulation of the particular metals by vegetable crops (Khan et al., 2008). The results indicated that TF values were lower for Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr, and higher TF for Zn and Ni from those. The transfer factor values in soil to plant of studied metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni for various vegetables varied between vegetable plants and locations are shown in table 4. The results revealed that there is large variation in transfer factor of Cd, than other metals in all three locations. The spinach (0.0306) had very high transfer factor for Cd and followed by brinjal (0.0207), cabbage (0.0165), carrot (0.0108), radish (0.0071) and cauliflower (0.0049). Similarly, The cabbage (0.4448), had very high tr ansfer factor for Pb and followed by carrot (0.2376), spinach (0.2187), brinjal (0.0207), cauliflower (0.1672) and radish (0.0988); The carrot (0.2977) had very high transfer factor for Cu and followed by, spinach (0.2642), cauliflower (0.2537), radish (0.1740), cabbage (0.0881) and brinjal (0.0818); The carrot (0.0764) had very high transfer factor for Cr and followed by radish (0.0619), spinach (0.0527), cabbage (0.0454), brinjal (0.0408) and cauliflower (0.0054) for location-III; The cauliflower (0.2494) had very high transfer factor for Zn and followed by carrot (0.1991), brinjal (0.1909), cabbage (0.1862), spinach (0.1739) and radish (0.0984) for location-II; The spinach (0.7469) had very high transfer factor for Ni and followed by carrot (0.4451), radish (0.4542), brinjal (0.2348), cauliflower (0.0732) and cabbage (0.0335) for location-I. The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable cr ops growing on polluted site can accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers. Risk Assessment In order to check the health risk of any toxicity from wastewater, it is necessary to estimate the level of exposure of the heavy metals through food chain. In this studied six vegetables were selected and calculate the health risk assessment in terms of estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) and estimated health risk index (EHRI) by considering the intake of metal through vegetables by the human being. Estimated Daily Intake of Metal (EDIM) The daily intake of heavy metals was estimated on the basis of the average consumption and concentration of metal in particular vegetable spices. The average concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Fe are shown in table 3. Based on the above concentrations, the estimated daily intake of metal (EDIM) for adults and children through food chain were calculated is shown in Table 5. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk as the dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in adults is below than the permissible limits (WHO, 1996). Estimated Health Risk Index (EHRI) In order to investigate the estimated health risk index (EHRI) associated with domestic wastewater irrigated soil, it is essential to estimate the level of exposure by quantifying the route of exposure of a heavy metal to the target person. The results indicate that the EHRI values were less than one for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni in all tested vegetables consumption. Therefore, the health risks of heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe. All the estimated dietary intake of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni were far below the tolerable limits. The oral reference dose (RD) for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni are 1.0E-03, 3.5E-03, 4.0E-02, 3.0E-01, 1.5E-00 and 2.0E-02 mg kg -1 day -1, respectively given by US-EPA (2002), IRIS (2003). The results of the study showed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that consumption of vegetable grown in polluted soil irrigated with domestic wastewater is nearly free of risk. But there are a lso other sources of metal exposure such as dust inhalation, vehicular exhaust which were not include in this study. Conclusion The prolonged domestic wastewater irrigation increases heavy metal accumulation in the soil has lead to contamination of food crops in the study area. This study shows that edible vegetables shows significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in sewage wastewater irrigation. These vegetables are supplied to local markets and there is possibility of health hazard associated with consumption of these contaminated vegetables over a long period of time. The concentration of all heavy metals in domestic wastewater was found to be higher except Zn from the permissible limits of Indian standards (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The results indicated that higher concentration of metals in soils which is contributed prolonged irrigation by sewage wastewater. If it is continues, the concentrations of metals will accumulate in the soil. Relatively higher amounts of these heavy metal which attributes to the reduction in soil pH to moderately acidic conditions as well increase i n organic carbon due to the continuous use of sewage effluents. The concentration of heavy metals in all the vegetables is lesser than Indian standard (PFA, 2000) and (WHO/FAO, 2007). The transfer factor of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr is more in Location III, similarly, Zn in location II and Ni in location-I. Therefore, vegetable crops growing on polluted site can bio-accumulate high concentrations of trace elements to cause serious health risk to consumers. The highest daily intake of metal such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr were from consumption of the spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, carrot, spinach and Carrot respectively grown in domestic wastewater for both adults and children. The results of studied revealed that EDIM and EHRI suggest that the consumption of vegetables grown in domestic wastewater polluted location is high but is free from any risk. Therefore, the health risks from the heavy metals such Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni exposure through vegetables was no consequences and generally assumed to be safe. Therefore, in order to reduce risks, plants with lower accumulative nature should be grown. In this scenario the present study significantly indicating the need for proper treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater with low cost and worldwide acceptable technology.

Bruce and Clark Essay -- essays papers

Bruce and Clark To the ordinary citizen of any given suburb, town, or city the names Bruce and Clark do not particularly stand out to be special or significant. If one was to ask an ordinary citizen if he or she had heard of Batman and or Superman, one could bet that those names would be labeled as special and significant. Bruce Wayne and Clark Kent otherwise known as Batman and Superman have lived in America's comic books, movies, cartoons and hearts for well over fifty years. Protecting the streets of Gotham City and Metropolis, these crime fighters have given a great deal to humanity, and although they have many similarities, their childhood and upbringing are quite different. Batman and Superman have basic hero similarities. Costumes, secret identities, and love for cheesecake . . ., ok so not the cheesecake, are obtained by both. Looking a little deeper than surface information, both heroes' parents passed away when they were very young. Batman's parents died by the hand of a petty thief in a robbery turned sour, while Superman's ferternal parents blew up on their home planet Krypton. Another event shared by the soldiers of justice is the fact that both were influenced by their father to become crime fighters. Clark Kent's father asked him to use his powers and gifts for good. Bruce Wayne's father was murdered and Bruce felt guilty for not preventing it, therefore creating Batman to help prevent it from happening to anyone else. In addition to the other similarities both characters are part of the same comic brand name, DC Comics. This allowed the heroes to interact and be on the same team in one particular scenario, Justice League of America was the name of that organization. The Justice league was... ...nstead of being born with powers, revenge gave birth in Bruce's heart and diligent pursuit of expertise haunted his every dream. Therefore, Bruce is a self-made prevention vigilante for Gotham City. Superman and Batman, they serve they same purpose and fight for the same outcome, good over evil. But the only thing similar about Clark Kent and Bruce Wayne's childhood is that they were both young. The fact that people are most influenced when they are young and start to obtain their personalities around the age of five suggests that if different circumstances had derived from either situation that Metropolis would have never had a Superman and Gotham City would be a crime ridden vicinity without the Dark Knight. I am glad that the world has the opportunity to partake in the adventures of these DC Comic hereos. Their stories proves that any can go from zero to hero.

A Preprocessing Framework for Underwater Image Denoising Essay

Abstract A major obstacle to underwater operations using cameras comes from the light absorption and scattering by the marine environment, which limits the visibility distance up to a few meters in coastal waters. The preprocessing methods concentrate on contrast equalization to deal with nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. Some adaptive smoothing methods like anisotropic filtering as a lengthy computation time and the fact that diffusion constants must be manually tuned, wavelet filtering is faster and automatic. An adaptive smoothing method helps to address the remaining sources of noise and can significantly improve edge detection. In the proposed approach, wavelet filtering method is used in which the diffusion constant is tuned automatically. Keywords: underwater image, preprocessing, edge detection, wavelet filtering, denoising. I. INTRODUCTION The underwater images usually suffers from non-uniform lighting, low contrast, blur and diminished colors. A few problems pertaining to underwater images are light absorption and the inherent structure of the sea, and also the effects of colour in underwater images. Reflection of the light varies greatly depending on the structure of the sea. Another main concern is related to the water that bends the light either to make crinkle patterns or to diffuse it. Most importantly, the quality of the water controls and influences the filtering properties of the water such as sprinkle of the dust in water. The reflected amount of light  is partly polarised horizontally and partly enters the water vertically. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. Forward scattering generally leads to blur of the image features, backscattering generally limits the contrast of the images. The amount of light is reduced wh en we go deeper, colors drop off depending on their wavelengths. The blue color travels across the longest in the water due to its shortest  wavelength. Current preprocessing methods typically only concentrate on local contrast equalization in order to deal with the nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. II. UNDERWATER DEGRADATION A major difficulty to process underwater images comes from light attenuation. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance, at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. The light attenuation process is caused by the absorption (which removes light energy) and scattering (which changes the direction of light path). Absorption and scattering effects are due to the water itself and to other components such as dissolved organic matter or small observable floating particles. Dealing with this difficulty, underwater imaging faces to many problems: first the rapid attenuation of light requires attaching a light source to the vehicle providing the necessary lighting. Unfortunately, artificial lights tend to illuminate the scene in a non uniform fashion producing a bright spot in the center of the image and poorly illuminated area surrounding. Then the distance between the camera and the scene usually induced prominent blue or green color (the wavelength corresponding to the red color disappears in only few meters). Then, the floating particles highly variable in kind and concentration, increase absorption and scattering effects: they blur image features (forward scattering), modify colors and produce bright artifacts known as â€Å"marine snow†. At last the non stability of the  underwater vehicle affects once again image  contrast. To test the accuracy of the preprocessing algorithms, three steps are followed. 1) First an original image is converted into grayscale image. 2)  Second salt and pepper noise added to the grayscale image. 3) Third wavelet filtering is applied to denoise the image. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which in the context of computer imaging are images with only the two colors, black, and white. Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color (chrome). Grayscale images are often the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel in a single band of the electromagnetic spectrum and in such cases they are monochromatic proper when only a given frequency is captured. Salt and pepper noise is a form of noise typically seen on images. It represents itself as randomly occurring white and black  pixels. An image containing salt-and-pepper noise will have dark pixels in bright regions and bright pixels in dark regions. This type of noise can be caused by analog-to-digital converter errors, bit errors in transmission. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. III. A PREPROCESSING ALGORITHM The algorithm proposed corrects each underwater perturbations sequentially.  addressed in the algorithm. However, contrast equalization also corrects the effect of the exponential light attenuation with distance. B. Bilateral Filtering Bilateral filtering smooth the images while preserving edges by means of a nonlinear combination of nearby image values. The idea underlying bilateral filtering is to do in the range of an image what traditional filters do in its domain. Two pixels can close to one another, occupy nearby spatial location (i.e) have nearby values. Closeness refers to vicinity in the domain, similarity to vicinity in the range. Traditional filtering is a domain filtering, and enforces closeness by weighing pixel values with coefficients that fall off with distance. The range filtering, this averages image values with weights that decay with dissimilarity. Range filters are nonlinear because their weights depend on image intensity or color. Computationally, they are no more complex than standard nonseparable  filters. So the combination of both domain and range filtering is known as bilateral filtering. A. Contrast equalization Contrast stretching often called normalization is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the contrast in an image by ‘stretching’ the range of intensity values. Many well-known techniques are known to help correcting the lighting disparities in underwater images. As the contrast is non uniform, a global color histogram equalization of the image will not suffice and local methods must be considered. Among all the methods they reviewed, Garcia, Nicosevici and Cufi [2] constated the empirical best results of the illuminationreflectance model on underwater images. The low-pass version of the image is typically computed with a Gaussian filter having a large standard deviation. This method is theoretically relevant backscattering, which is responsible for most of the contrast disparities, is indeed a slowly varying spatial function. Backscattering is the predominant noise, hence it is sensible for it to be the first noise Anisotropic filtering Anisotropic filter is used to smoothing the image. Anisotropic filtering allows us to simplify image features to improve image segmentation. This filter smooths the image in homogeneous area but preserves edges and enhance them. It is used to smooth textures and reduce artifacts by deleting small edges amplified by homomorphic filtering. This filter removes or attenuates unwanted artifacts and  remaining noise. The anisotropic diffusion algorithm is used to reduce noise and prepare the segmentation step. It allows to smooth image in homogeneous areas but it preserves and even enhances the edges in the image. Here the algorithm follow which is proposed by Perona and Malik [5]. This algorithm is automatic so it uses constant parameters selected manually. The previous step of wavelet filtering is very important to obtain good results with anisotropic filtering. It is the association of wavelet filtering and anisotropic filtering which gives such results. Anisotropic algorithm is  usually used as long as result is not satisfactory. In our case few times only loop set to constant value, to preserve a short computation time. For this denoising filter choose a nearly symmetric orthogonal wavelet bases with a bivariate shrinkage exploiting interscale dependency. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. Indeed wavelet coefficients in natural image have significant dependencies. Moreover the computation time is very short. IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND EVALUATION To estimate the quality of reconstructed image, Mean Squared Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio are calculated for the original and the reconstructed images. Performance of different filters are tested by calculating the PSNR and MSE values. The size of the images taken is 256Ãâ€"256 pixels. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are the two error metrics used to compare image compression quality. The MSE represents the cumulative squared error between the compressed and the original image, whereas PSNR represents a measure of the peak error. The lower the value of MSE, the lower the error. In Table 1, the original and reconstructed images are shown. In table 2, PSNR and MSE values are calculated for all underwater images. PSNR value obtained for denoised images is higher, when compare with salt and pepper noise added images. MSE value obtained for the denoised images has lower the error when compared with salt and pepper noise added images. e D. Wavelet filtering Thresholding is a simple non-linear technique, which operates on one wavelet coefficient at a time. In its most basic form, each coefficient is thresholded by comparing against threshold, if the coefficient is smaller than threshold, set to zero; otherwise it is kept or modified. Replacing the small noisy coefficients by zero and inverse wavelet transform on the result may lead to reconstruction with the essential signal characteristics and with the less noise. A simple denoising algorithm that uses the wavelet transform consist of the following three steps, (1) calculate the wavelet  transform of the noisy image (2) Modify the noisy detail wavelet coefficients according to some rule (3) compute the inverse transform using the modified coefficients. Multiresolution decompositions have shown significant advantages in image denoising. best denoised image. In clearly, the comparisons of PSNR and MSE values are shown in Fig -1a and Fig -1b. V. CONCLUSION In this paper a novel underwater preprocessing algorithm is present. This algorithm is automatic, requires no  parameter adjustment and no a priori knowledge of the acquisition conditions. This is because functions evaluate their parameters or use pre-adjusted defaults values. This algorithm is fast. Many adjustments can still be done to improve the whole pre-processing algorithms. Inverse filtering gives good results but generally requires a priori knowledge on the environment. Filtering used in this paper needs no parameters adjustment so it can be used systematically on underwater images before every pre-processing algorithms. REFERENCES [1] Arnold-Bos, J. P. Malkasse and Gilles Kervern,(2005) â€Å"Towards a model-free denoising of underwater optical image,† IEEE OCEANS 05 EUROPE,Vol.1, pp.234256. [2] Caefer, Charlene E.; Silverman, Jerry. &Mooney,JonathanM,(2000) â€Å"Optimisation of point target tracking filters†. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., pages 15-25. [3] R. Garcia, T. Nicosevici, and X. Cufi. (2002) â€Å"On the way to solve lighting problems in underwater imaging†. In Proceedings of the IEEE Oceans 2002, pages 1018–1024. [4] James C. Church, Yixin Chen, and Stephen V., (2008) â€Å"A Spatial Median Filter for Noise Removal in Digital Images†, page(s):618 – 623. [45 Jenny Rajan and M.R Kaimal., (2006) â€Å"Image Denoising Using Wavelet Embedded anisotropic Diffusion†, Appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, page(s): 589 – 593. [6] Z. Liu, Y. Yu, K. Zhang, and H. Huang.,(2001) â€Å"Underwater image transmission and blurred image restoration†. SPIE Journal of Optical Engineering, 40(6):1125–1131. [7] P. Perona and J.Malik, (1990) â€Å"Scale space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion,† IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp.629-639. [8] Schechner, Y and Karpel, N., (2004) â€Å"Clear Underwater Vision†. Proceedings of the IEEE CVPR, Vol. 1, pp. 536-543. [9] Stephane Bazeille, Isabelle, Luc jaulin and Jean-Phillipe Malkasse, (2006) â€Å"Automatic Underwater image PreProcessing†, cmm’06 – characterisation du milieu marine page(s): 16-19. [10] Yongjian Yu and Scott T. Acton, (2002) â€Å"Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion†, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, page(s): 1260-1270, No. 11, Vol.11.

The Many Methods Sociological Research †Sociology Essay

The Many Methods Sociological Research – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Many Methods Sociological Research Sociology Essay In sociology, there are four social research methods used to perform experiments. After a researcher has identified what he or she will be researching, the researcher will choose the best method to use to test their experiment. Each method has different strengths in completing a research. At times, a combination of two will enforce a better result. The four research methods a researcher could use would be experiment research, survey research, field observation, and use of existing data sources. At first, the researcher has to come up with a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a single statement about reality that can be tested (Farley25). This is then used to test a piece of a theory. It is possible to observe whether things happen the way the hypothesis claims that it will occur. A hypothesis is always a statement, never a question (25). There are very many variables, which are used in an experiment. A variable is a concept that can either take on different values or has two or more categories. There are two kinds of variables: independent and dependent. An independent variable is a variable that the researcher thinks is a cause, which influences the other variable. The cause must always come before the effect. For example, a person cannot do something today that will cause something to happen yesterday (26). A dependent variable, on the other hand, is a variable that the researcher thinks is the effect. The first research method is an experiment research. This is research that is carried out in a situation that is under the control the researcher (Farley28). This method is used when the research is based on how a situation may change if and independent variable is added to the situation. An experiment must have two groups that are similar in education, race, and age. There needs to be a control group and an experimental group. An experimental group goes through an experience while a control group goes through the pretest and posttest. Both groups need to be measured before and after the experiment. The control group is measured at the beginning of the period and then measured at the end of the period. But the control group is not put in a different situation that the group began in. The experimental group is measured at the beginning of the period, and then tested through the experiment, and then the group is measured again at the end of the period to see if there was any change to the group. The second research method is conducting a survey to gather information to test a hypothesis. A survey research is any research in which a population is asked a set of questions that are worked out in advance by the researcher. This method is used with a large population or a sample of the population. A sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire population. The survey can consist of a questionnaire, a telephone interview, or a personal interview. Each survey will give a different result because of non- personal interaction and personal interaction. There are two types of questions. The first is a fixed response that is multiple choice and easy to process. The second one is open ended which the person writes his or here own answers in his her own words to the question.In a questionnaire, the people answer the survey by marking answers on the survey form. Theses surveys are very simple and inexpensive but the researcher might not always know when people have a problem understanding the questions. Another disadvantage of a mail- out/ mail- back questionnaire is the low rate response. How many people do you really think would take the time to fill out survey in the mail? A response can be improved if handed to a group to fill out right there on the spot. They can be given out perhaps at work or even in a classroom. A telephone interview has quick results. While the researcher is on the phone, he or she can type in the answers that are given and have results within seconds. Telephone interviews have a better response rate than questionnaires. Out of all of these, a person interview would be the most reliable method to use. The researcher can see the expressions on a person’s face or they can even explain the question better than in a questionnaire. There are some disadvantages in a personal interview, for example, the actual time that has to be spent in doing the interview and the amount of money it cost for the procedure to happen. Surveys and experiments produce numbers that can be used to test a hypothesis. A participant observation is often more subjective in nature and has fewer numbers but a greater knowledge (Farley35). The third research method is field observation. Field observation is where researchers observe human behavior as it occurs in ordinary real- life situations. This method is used to study and observe human behavior in natural setting. There are two main types of field observation: participant and unobtrusive. In participant observation, the researcher contributes in some way in the behavior observed. The researcher may continue by attending meetings or being involved in some types of group activities. A question asked in a participant observation is: should the researcher reveal his or her identity? Some researchers are against identifying his or her identity because when people discover that they are being studied, it can cause them to behave differently (Levin). On the other hand, some researchers consider identifying themselves because they believe people have the right to know that they are being studied. In an unobtrusive observation, the researcher does not in any way become involved in the behavior being observed. The researcher is in a position out of sight, for example, through a window or across the street. An inconspicuous measure is then taken by percentages, for instance, the percentage of male or female that get on a subway. An instance of field observation is how to study how parents treat their children when the child misbehaves. This method allows the researcher to observe the family without conversation. If parents were asked how they discipline their children when misbehaving, the conclusions would be incorrect. Therefore it is understandable that field observation would be the most precise method to use in situations comparable to this one. The last research method would be the use of existing data sources. The researcher does not collect original data because data has already been collected. Researching old documents or studies that have already been done use this method. There is no use of another human, just past information that now may be studied to find changes from then and now. There are three main sources that are used, one of which is archives. Colleges, organizations, and corporations have collected the data already. This has resulted in computerized data archives that are open to anyone (Farley38). Government data would include records of births, deaths, marriages, and even divorces. The information is directly available over the Internet to anyone who wants to use the information. The second source is the U.S. Census, which is updated every ten years. The data is on the population, housing from a street block to the entire country, manufacturing, and wholesale trade. Content analysis would be the last sourc e. This involves some type of systematic examination of the content of books, articles, speeches, movies, and/or television programs. For example, compare the number and types of roles filled by male and female characters in a set of television programs. It can be either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative is counting the number of words devoted to female characters as opposed to the male characters. Qualitative is a detailed description and analysis of how male and female characters is presented (Farley39). These four social research methods are all used differently in experiments. As explained, experiment, survey, field observation, and existing data are very useful in each type of situation that may be presented to the researcher. The researcher just must know what he or she is studying and what type of research he or she is going to use. Every time research is involved, a method has to be used. Research Papers on The Many Methods Sociological Research - Sociology EssayResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

William Sherman essays

William Sherman essays William Tecumseh Sherman was born on February 8, 1820 in Lancaster, Ohio. He was given his middle name after the Shawnee chief Tecumseh. Tecumseh had tried to unite the tribes of the Ohio River Valley against American forces on their land in the first decade of the nineteenth century. These attempts were unsuccessful though. In 1829, when Sherman was nine his father passed away so he went to live with a family friend, Thomas Ewing. Ewing was a influential Missouri politician. His other 10 siblings were distributed among the relatives and friends of the family. After he attended the academy at Lancaster, Sherman entered West Point Military Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1840 in the top six of his class. During the Mexican War, he saw service in California and for his meritorious service he received a brevet. He then left California and served as an officer in the commissary department of the army, but then resigned from the army in 1853. He resigned in order to p ursue a business, legal, and educational career. Sherman rejoined the army in May 1861 after Louisiana seceded from the Union and the Civil War broke out. He was commissioned a colonel of volunteers and commanded a brigade in the first battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861. Later that year, in September, he was given command of the Kentucky Army and the Department of the Ohio River. After given this command, he reported that he would need 200,000 men to carry out a successful campaign in that region. The press said that Sherman was crazy and timed proved them right. Sherman frequently fought with the press and Lincoln scorned him for this. After Sherman went through a nervous breakdown, he was sent to a post in Missouri. At the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862, Sherman was in the middle of a great fight. For his services there he received the rank of major general. After this battle, Ulysses S. Grant endured much criticism off the many mistakes ...

Examine critically the advantages of a culturally diverse workplace in Essay - 1

Examine critically the advantages of a culturally diverse workplace in a global business world - Essay Example roup from another†¦ Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede, 1994, p.19). From this definition, two things come to the forefront. Firstly, culture is a social cast in which an individual evolves to such an extent that this cast appears to influence every major activity, thinking and decision making of the individual. Secondly, culture clearly demarcates certain boundaries that allow a person to behave properly and in an acceptable manner thus helping coexist with colleagues and people around. As such, one can easily gauge the extent of influence that culture has on people. However, a clash of cultures takes place when people from different backgrounds meet. Individuals begin to experience phenomena such as ‘Culture Shocks’, wherein they begin to experience things and events from colleagues that are unexpected and sometimes beyond the comfort zone of the individual. Such an experience is constantly felt in an international environment. If people are considerate and understanding of other cultures, and provided people have prior knowledge of other cultures and have secured a perspective on the things to expect from alien cultures, then cooperation and getting accustomed to new work environments by making the necessary adjustments is easier and can be done with the earnest cooperation of others. On the other hand, if the individual persists towards insisting on things to be done according to a cultural backdrop of their preference and expect others to heed to it, regardless of whether it is agreeable to others or not, then it can be surmised that sooner or later, the personal relationships will deteriorate and situations within the workplace are bound to encounter major conflicts and friction. Such a conclusion is rather generalized and logical, but it goes without saying that there is more to it than meets the eye. The cultural theory put forward by Hofstede has focused on the

Celtic Rock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Celtic Rock - Essay Example While possibly a sub-genre of rock, and of straight forward Celtic music, the now bubbling genre of Celtic music cannot be ignored any longer. Often called Celtic punk, or even Irish or Irish punk, it is a sound among itself. The first band to mix these the music and sound of rock with the traditional instrumentation of Ireland and Celtic origin was the Pogues. Playing through the 1980s and the 1990s, the Pogues mixed the edge of rock and roll and the developing punk scene with tin whistles, accordions, and other traditional instrument. Unfortunately, the Pogues broke up in 1996. After many different line up changes, the Pogues started playing together again in 2001. The Pogues have released 14 albums to the day, including various EPs and â€Å"Best of† Albums(The Pogues). One of their hit songs, â€Å"Fairytale of New York† reached number 2 on the UK billboard charts in 1987, brining the Pogues to huge fame. After the breaking up of the Pogues, the door was opened for other such bands to come in their place. One such band was the Dropkick Murphys. Formed in the working class neighborhoods of Boston, the Murphys blended the same rock with Celtic music the Pogues had done earlier. Currently, the Drop Kick Murphys have release 5 studio albums, and have become famous for their St. Patrick Day shows ever year in Boston(The Dropkick Murphys). On the other coast of America, the seeds for Flogging Molly was being sown. Most date the band to 1997 with the release of "Alive Behind the Green Door"(a live album recorded in the bar where the band started), but Flogging Molly had been playing gigs every Monday night at Molly Malone's prior to that. Formed by Dave King, an Irish immigrant to American, the band mixed the traditional Irish sound with drums, electric guitar and bass. Asked about the band, singer Dave King says that ""If it didn't have mandolin, accordion, fiddle and whistle, it would be punk-rock, and if it didn't have guitar, bass and drums, it would be traditional Irish music. But it has both."(Flogging Molly Reviews). This statement shows the combining factor of the band musically. Starting with the 200 release of "Swagger", Flogging Molly started to bring their unique mix of music out of California. With a 4 year gig on the Warped Tour, Flogging Molly spread its seeds the way bands should, with constant and constant touring. Flogging Molly is still touring worldwide, and is expecting to release another album next spring. Flogging Molly has released, 5 studio efforts. 2000's Swagger, 2002's Drunken Lullabies, 2004's Within a Mile of Home(debuted at 24 on the billboard charts), and 2006's DVD/CD Documentary Whiskey on a Sunday (Flogging Molly). The most recent effort, Whiskey on a Sunday, is a DVD documentary into the formation and personal lives of the band. It really gives a homegrown feeling to the band, connecting all the fans with the band on a very personal level. It is this in separation of band from fan that makes Flogging Molly not only an amazing live act, but amazing people as well. The DVD also comes with a CD soundtrack, containing newly recorded acoustic tracks and live tracks. Flogging Molly is just wrapping up the SideoneDummy/Fuse College Tour, which brought them around the country with fellow label mates Zox and Bedouin Sound clash. Selling out all over the place, this tour is just another one of the measures that shows Flogging Molly's success. If the success of these bands is anything to judge, the overdone and the three piece basic band are over. People want something more, something much more fun and entertaining. Celtic Rock gives this to people, by giving them hard hitting fast paced rock, mixed with the dancing and jigging of Celtic melodies. Celtic Rock may be a new thing for some people, but for those who have seen Flogging Molly, Celtic Rock is as real as anything, and quite amazing