The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam by Robert Spencer Essay

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam by Robert Spencer - Essay Example Robert Spencer shakes things in an equally controversial book The Politically incorrect Guide to Islam. This book obliterates simplistic, politically correct opinions about the Islam religion. It compares, word by word, the teachings between Muhammad and the teachings of Buddhism, Christianity and other religions. He sent her away until the child was born. When the woman came back after several months, he took the child and gave it to a friend as a gift while he ordered the woman to be stoned to death. This book covers a lot of ground with the study of Muhammad, the development of Quran, the spread of Islam religion, and Islam’s early wars hence the culmination of the Crusades. The book is introduced as an examination of some specific tendentious contentions about Islam religion and the Crusades that have been a source of current debates. Spencer provides readers an extensive exploration about Islam that cannot be taught in school or that may not be exposed in the media; in so doing he paints religion in a broadly negative light. The general notion that Islam is a peaceful religion that has been hijacked by small minority of extremists is the beginning of all PC myths surrounding Islam. To back his claims, he quotes several Western Historical figures such as John Quincy, Alexis de Tocqueville and Winston Churchill who have been vocal in criticizing Islam. The book criticizes Islam as both oppressive and militant and gives a historical account of the crusades based on the argument that they were a late response of European civilization to the centuries of occupation and invasion which started in the 8thC in Italy, France, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and major parts of Eastern Europe. Spencer argues that the civilization clash between the West and Islam in the 21stC was as a result of a continuation of a 14thC long jihad which commenced at the inception of Islam. The book also offers discussions about the difficulties of treating this topic in a ever dis integrated current political environment. The fact is the book has both the bright and not-so bright sides. On the bright side, Spencer denies many myths penetrated by the PC crowd: that mainly states that Islam and Christianity are for the greater part been equivalent traditions, that crusaders were selfish land-hungry colonizers, that Jihadists were benign sweetie-pies and many other controversies. Honestly, I do agree with his bruising of Ridley Scott’s Kingdom of Heaven film which depicts a sentimentally liberal Islam during crusades periods. On the other side of the Spence’s book, he gives several myths that need correction. These include: Christianity is essentially begin and Islam nasty The crusades were defensive conflicts We should be grateful for crusades These three points as expressed by Spenser are myths and ironical in nature. 1) Myth one: Christianity is essentially begin and Islam nasty The book â€Å"The Politically incorrect Guide to Islam† is full of â€Å"Jesus vs. Muhammad† punctuations, whereby several teachings of Jesus are compared and contrasted with the intolerant and militant teachings of Prophet Muhammad. Taking for instance page 35: Jesus teachings was â€Å"blessed are the persecuted† and it is contrasted with Prophet Muhammad’s authority to kill persecutors claiming that â€Å"persecution is worse than slaughter† (Qur'an 2:191). Again in page 143, Spencer describes Jesus’ teachings and deeds to be merciful to enemies as compared to Muhammad’s command to ruthless to unbelievers but merciful to fellow Muslims. The mention of Islam develops a feeling of fear on the part of many non-Muslims because of what they have been told or heard about the Muslims. In my opinion, it is pointless to list

QR Codes Being Used For Marketing Essay Example for Free

QR Codes Being Used For Marketing Essay For the purposes of this assignment, a QR code for Coca-Cola was used. The image scanned is to the right. This is a QR Code Coca-Cola places throughout sports websites including ESPN.COM which is where this was found. Analysis of the QR Code’s Effectiveness Having found the image on ESPN.COM it was assumed that the next jump point would be to one of their sports drink brands. In fact the QR Code took me to their Facebook fan page and asked me to â€Å"Like† their page. The page has 58.6 million likes and shows friends who are also â€Å"Liked† the brand. As the landing page was the Facebook fan page for the brand, the call to action was to review and look over their content. As the Super Bowl was just last weekend and Coca-Cola had a series of commercials running at this event, there are pictures, out-takes and other items that show how the commercials were made. There is also a series of videos that are used for further supporting and promoting their brand. The Coca-Cola brand page is one of the more comprehensive in consumer advertising with exceptionally rich, varied international content. There is no overt call to action to buy one of their beverages; there is however an exceptional depth to the history of the brand and its progression over time. Coca-Cola is clearly proud of their history in advertising and branding, and use the Facebook timeline to show this well. They have also shown on their Facebook fan page how to create a community extremely well. The continued efforts on the part of Facebook to create communities and show how Coca-Cola fans all share common bounds together is done well. Conclusion Coca-Cola is maintaining and strengthening its brand with this QR code campaign. It is also showcasing how well it integrates the many channels of customer interaction and communication with its social media efforts. The area Coca-Cola needs to improve on however is the placement of this specific QR code. It was on a sports website which have one assume it was for a sports drink. The branding for sports on the Facebook site used as the landing page was so generic to sports, it was more like a billboard. This QR campaign was designed for a very broad, global audience and for that purpose, did extremely well. It could have been improved through the use of more effective, segmented QR codes to specific Coca-Cola sites dedicated to specific interests. Finally, the call to action was vague and more based on building awareness. What Coca-Cola did well however was create a very effective program for driving people to their Facebook page immediately, driving up Likes. Coca-Cola’s branding is predicated on a spread message of refreshment, and they did accomplish this very well. Finally the company did a great job of showing how it has created entertaining commercials and promotions based on their innate expertise in consumer products branding.

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of Multiple Intelligences

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of Multiple Intelligences Campbell, L., Campbell, B. (1999). Multiple Intelligences and Student Achievement: Success Stories from Six Schools. Alexandria, VA.: Association for supervision and Curriculum Development. Throughout this book Campbell and Campbell share stories about six schools (two elementary, two middle, and two high schools) that incorporated Multiple Intelligences into their curriculum. The authors outline how MI is applied, its role, and its effect on student achievement. Campbell and Campbell provide examples of how a Multiple Intelligence curriculum enables students to use their strengths to improve their academic weaknesses. Campbell, L., Campbell, B., Dickinson, D. (2004). Teaching and Learning Through Multiple Intelligences. (3rd ed.). Boston ; Montreal: Pearson/A and B. This book is introduced by explaining what the original seven intelligences are in detail. It continues on to describe how teachers can begin to integrate Multiple Intelligences into their classrooms. The authors of this book give specific examples of how an educator can plan their lessons or projects and give assessments using the MI theory. Gardner, H. (1993). Choice Points as Multiple Intelligences Enter the School. David Lazear Group | Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http://www.davidlazeargroup.com/multi-intell/articles/ChoicePoints.htm In this short essay written by Howard Gardner, he describes seven purposes of which Multiple Intelligence has been applied. He discusses that the theory of MI has been used to support a range of educational goals. Gardner describes the relationship of curriculum, instruction, assessment, targeted audiences and students in relation to Multiple Intelligences. Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (10th anniversary ed.). New York, NY: BasicBooks. This is the tenth anniversary of the original book that outlined Multiple Intelligences. Gardner broke this book up into three sections: Background of MI, The Theory itself, and Implications and Applications. In Frames of Mind Gardner describes the idea of Multiple Intelligence and how he came up with it; he discusses the nature and characteristic of each intelligence as well as how MI could potentially help our educational system. Gardner, H. (2002). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (29. printing. ed.). New York: BasicBooks. Gardners Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice is a collection of essays written about how Multiple Intelligence has been implemented in schools since the first book, Frames of Mind was published. In the Assessment and Beyond section of the book, Gardner outlines evaluations and gives an alternative form of assessment to standardized exams: a student portfolio to demonstrate strengths. Garnder, H. (2003, April 21). Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years. American Education Research Association. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG_MI_after_2sss0_years.pdf Throughout this article, Gardner explains how he came up with the idea of MI and how it has evolved in twenty years. Gardner gives examples of colleagues and studies that have implemented the theory and how it enabled student achievement. He also describes and corrects some misconceptions that he has come across over the years. Mettetal G.,  Cheryl J.,  Ã‚  Sheryll H.  (1997). Attitudes toward a multiple intelligences curriculum.  The Journal of Educational Research,  91(2),  115.   Retrieved December 12, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  29295806). This article is about a small school that adopted the Theory of Multiple Intelligence into their school district. Considering the school went from being a traditional school to a school that fully implemented MI into its classrooms, there were many research activities and studies done to evaluate student assessment. Some activities include: surveys to parents, observations, interviews, and classroom assessments. Hatch, T. (1997). Getting Specific About Multiple Intelligences. How Children Learn, 54(6), 26- 29. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational- leadership/mar97/vol54/num06/Getting-Specific-About-Multiple-Intelligences.aspx This article describes how each student is smart in their own way. Hatch describes each intelligence in relation to professions. For example, a person with a linguistic intelligence may be a reporter. Hatch proposes that educators teach to the students strengths opposed to the intelligence itself. The main purpose of this article is to try to get educators to avoid labeling their students to a specific intelligence. Lazear, D. (2000). Multiple Intelligence Approaches to Assessment: Solving The Assessment Conundrum. Global Learning Communities. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from www.julieboyd.com.au/ILF/pages/members/cats/bkovervus/t_and_learn_pdfs/mi_approa ch_to_assessment.pdf This article goes into detail about assessments and how they can be conducted. According to Lazear, any student who performs successfully on a given test does not necessarily demonstrate genuine learning or understanding; it may tell us only who is good at taking that type of test (Lazear 2000). He feels as though students need to demonstrate their knowledge in various ways to show genuine learning and understanding. In his article he outlines Brain-Based and Research-Based Assessment procedures. McClaskey, J.   (1995). Assessing student learning through multiple intelligences.  English Journal,  84(8),  56.   Retrieved December 12, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID:  9081119). McClaskey feels as though students need to have opportunities to identify and build on their strengths.

Napoleon Essay -- essays research papers

In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consultate. He had many achievements for France under educational, financial, administrative, legal and religious reforms. However, these achievements are often exaggerated. Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir’ of the revolution as he completed much of the work that the revolution had started, such as the creation of a Civil Code and the reforming of the education system. Despite this, he also destroyed much of the revolution’s work. He ignored and betrayed some of the revolution’s beliefs and much of his achievements were incomplete. Napoleon’s achievements in Europe were mainly for his own purposes – he wanted to enhance his prestige and make France a great nation. He appears to have had little interest in helping the European people. Napoleon, although his main achievements centered on areas such as administration, had other remarkable, although minor, achievements in France. He improved the appearance of French cities such as Paris by building bridges and canals and by planting trees at the sides of roads to protect them from the sun. This aided the beauty of Paris as it is today. Napoleon also reformed the tax system, which meant that no one was tax exempt. One particular achievement, which may rank on the same level of importance as the Napoleonic code, but appears to be often overlooked in textbooks, is Napoleon’s founding of a national education system from primary to university. The focus of his attention was secondary schools, of which he opened more. Higher education also became more available in major cities. Napoleon spent more money on education than anything else during his time in power. However, Napoleon was somewhat inefficient in this achievement. The educational system discriminated against females. Napoleon saw education as being “not suitable'; for girls. Female students were to learn the very basics of education – how to read and write, and also how to do traditional female work such as nursing and embroidering. Pupils had little choice over their career – most were forced into a military career. What is considered to be Napoleon’s most significant achievement for France was his establishment of the ‘Napoleonic Code&... ...id so in order that France would be the beneficiary'; Napoleon went against the French revolution’s belief in freedom of speech. He reduced and suppressed newspapers in France and the newspapers that remained were threatened or bribed in to supporting him. It has been claimed that “his genius owes more to propaganda than to deeds';. Napoleon did wish to continue revolutionary reforms. Although it can be argued that he did not continue all of its aims, this was because many of the revolution’s goals and believes were impractical: “we must see what was real and politically possible in it’s principles, instead of grasping at their speculative and hypothetical side.'; After 1815,France lost all of the territory she had acquired in the Napoleonic wars. The monarchy was restored in France and Germany and Italy were still not united. Therefore, Many of Napoleon’s achievements did not last. Napoleon was the ‘heir’ of the revolution but his achievements are exaggerated because the revolution had al ready done much of his work for him: “…he found the work already three-quarters done for him';.

Archetype and Nationalism in Tolkien’s Silmarillion

ABSTRACT This thesis demonstrates the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetypes, and nationalism in one of fantasy fiction, namely Tolkien’s The Silmarillion. Fantasy fiction, with the stereotype of escapism, is less appreciated. This thesis is written in attempt to give more appreciation to fantasy fiction. Analysis to show the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetype, and nationalism is carried out by applying archetypal approach and Frye’s concept of mythos. This analysis is aimed at determining the position of the story in Frye’s mythos taxonomy and its values.The values, then, are compared with values found in English nationalistic discourse. The result of this analysis indicates that the story of The Silmarillion can be classified as tragic mythos. However, tragedy in the Silmarillion is elaborated differently from the characteristics of the mythos suggested by Frye. Tragedy of The Silmarillion is collective in its nature. The uniqueness of tragedy in T he Silmarillion is read as representation of fellowship spirit value in English nationalistic discourse.The Silmarillion also shows wisdom and historical continuity values parallel with values found English nationalistic discourse. From these values The Silmarillion shows that pastoral life with its collectivity, wisdom and tranquility as an ideal life for English people. Keywords: fantasy, archetypes, nationalism, Tolkien v ABSTRAK Tesis ini menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe, dan nasionalisme yang muncul di dalam salah satu karya sastra fantasi, yaitu The Silmarillion karya J. R. R . Tolkien.Fiksi fantasi, dengan stereotip sebagai fiksi yang dianggap hanya memberikan tempat untuk melarikan diri dari kenyataan dan fiksi yang lepas dari nilai-nilai realitas, kurang mendapat apresiasi yang cukup. Untuk memberikan apresiasi terhadap fiksi fantasilah tesis ini ditulis. Analisis untuk menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe dan nilainilai nasionalisme pertama-tama d ilakukan dengan melakukan analisis plot cerita dengan menggunakan pendekatan arketipe dan teori mythos Northrop Frye. Analisis plot ini dilakukan untuk menentukan posisi cerita di dalam taksonomi mythos Frye dan nilai-nilai yang dikandungnya.Nilai-nilai ini kemudian akan dibandingkan dengan nilai-nilai yang ada dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris (England). Dari analisis yang dilakukan terlihat bahwa cerita The Silmarillion tergolong dalam mythos tragedi. Namun, sifat tragedi dalam The Silmarillion berbeda dari ciri mythos tragedi Frye yang terkonsentrasi pada satu individu. Tragedi dalam The Silmarillion bersifat kolektif. Keunikan tragedi di dalam The Silmarillion ini dianggap mewakili nilai kebersamaan yang juga merupakan salah satu nilai keinggrisan dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris.The Silmarillion juga menunjukkan nilai-nilai kebijaksanaan dan keberlanjutan sejarah yang di dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris dianggap merupakan nilai-nilai yang khas Inggris. Dari nilai-nilai dalam The Silmarillion yang paralel dengan nilai-nilai dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris tergambar bahwa kehidupan ideal Inggris adalah kehidupan pedesaan yang penuh kebersamaan, kebijaksanaan, ketenangan dan memiliki keberlanjutan sejarah. Kata kunci: fantasi, arketipe, nasionalisme, Tolkien vi

Probability Distribution in Statistics

Probability Distribution in Statistics If you spend much time at all dealing with statistics, pretty soon you run into the phrase â€Å"probability distribution.† It is here that we really get to see how much the areas of probability and statistics overlap. Although this may sound like something technical, the phrase probability distribution is really just a way to talk about organizing a list of probabilities. A probability distribution is a function or rule that assigns probabilities to each value of a random variable. The distribution may in some cases be listed. In other cases, it is presented as a graph. Example Suppose that we roll two dice and then record the sum of the dice. Sums anywhere from two to 12 are possible. Each sum has a particular probability of occurring. We can simply list these as follows: The sum of 2 has a probability of 1/36The sum of 3 has a probability of 2/36The sum of 4 has a probability of 3/36The sum of 5 has a probability of 4/36The sum of 6 has a probability of 5/36The sum of 7 has a probability of 6/36The sum of 8 has a probability of 5/36The sum of 9 has a probability of 4/36The sum of 10 has a probability of 3/36The sum of 11 has a probability of 2/36The sum of 12 has a probability of 1/36 This list is a probability distribution for the probability experiment of rolling two dice. We can also consider the above as a probability distribution of the random variable defined by looking at the sum of the two dice. Graph A probability distribution can be graphed, and sometimes this helps to show us features of the distribution that were not apparent from just reading the list of probabilities. The random variable is plotted along the x-axis, and the corresponding probability is plotted along the y-axis. For a discrete random variable, we will have a histogram. For a continuous random variable, we will have the inside of a smooth curve. The rules of probability are still in effect, and they manifest themselves in a few ways. Since probabilities are greater than or equal to zero, the graph of a probability distribution must have y-coordinates that are nonnegative. Another feature of probabilities, namely that one is the maximum that the probability of an event can be, shows up in another way. Area Probability The graph of a probability distribution is constructed in such a way that areas represent probabilities. For a discrete probability distribution, we are really just calculating the areas of rectangles. In the graph above, the areas of the three bars corresponding to four, five and six correspond to the probability that the sum of our dice is four, five or six. The areas of all of the bars add up to a total of one. In the standard normal distribution or bell curve, we have a similar situation. The area under the curve between two z values corresponds to the probability that our variable falls between those two values. For example, the area under the bell curve for -1 z. Important Distributions There are literally infinitely many probability distributions. A list of some of the more important distributions follows: Binomial distribution – Gives the number of successes for a series of independent experiments with two outcomesChi-square distribution – For use of determining how close observed quantities fit a proposed modelF-distribution – Used in the analysis of variance (ANOVA)Normal distribution – Called the bell curve and is found throughout statistics.Student’s t distribution – For use with small sample sizes from a normal distribution

7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! - Writing Tips with Proofed

7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! - Writing Tips with Proofed 7 Business Buzzwords to Avoid! Jargon is an inescapable part of business writing and office life in general. But there are certain buzzwords you should avoid unless you want to sound like a corporate clichà ©! Here, then, are seven buzzwords words you might want to avoid for the sake of not driving your colleagues to despair. 1. Thinking Outside the Blue-Sky Box We’ve combined a couple of terms here, but â€Å"thinking outside the box† and â€Å"blue-sky thinking† are both so overused that we need to put them to rest. After all, they’re meant to be demands for innovative thinking, so at least use some imagination when you ask for it! 2. Shoot the Puppy To â€Å"shoot the puppy† is to do something desperate or unpleasant (similar to â€Å"bite the bullet†). And while we agree that shooting a puppy is â€Å"unpleasant,† we really don’t want to picture canine violence when we’re already in a stressful situation! How could you pull the trigger on something this cute? 3. Bio Break Sure, you don’t want to go into detail about your bodily functions in the office. But what was wrong with â€Å"going to the bathroom†? When people say they’re taking a â€Å"bio break,† it sounds like they’re going on an environmentally friendly vacation. And it must stop here. 4. Synergy Does anyone really know what â€Å"synergy† means anymore? It used to have quite a specific meaning: the increased value and performance produced when two companies work together. Nowadays, though, we’re pretty sure people are using it just because it sounds fancier than â€Å"cooperation.† 5. Open the Kimono When we first heard someone offer to â€Å"open the kimono,† we immediately left the office for fear of what was to come. But even if we had known that it means â€Å"share information,† we’d still have made a quick exit, as weird buzzwords scare us almost as much as threats of public nudity. Kimonos are great, but please keep them closed at work. 6. Motivated/Driven Look at any resume and you’ll see people boasting about being â€Å"driven† or â€Å"motivated.† But shouldn’t these be the default? Whatever your job, you should want to do your best! So adding â€Å"motivated† to your resume is a bit like specifying that you’ll be â€Å"awake† or â€Å"breathing† at work. 7. Mindshare Technically, â€Å"mindshare† refers to how much buzz there is around a product or service in the public consciousness. To us, though, â€Å"mindshare† sounds more like the name of a futuristic social network that has been implanted directly into our brains to force us to worship Mark Zuckerberg. Scary stuff. After he gained laser vision, we had to treat him as a god.(Photo: Modified from original by Jason McELweenie) Have we missed an awful buzzword? Or do you want to defend some of the jargon above? Leave us a comment or get in touch to let us know!

Anxiety essays

Anxiety essays Most people have a view of what they think mental illness is. Most of us have seen, at one time or another, someone walking on the street muttering to him or herself, perhaps gesturing, or picking through trash cans but pulling out peculiar things, or exhibiting other behaviors we think are "off" in some way. However, most people who meet the criteria of some psychiatric diagnosis look just like everyone else. In fact, the characteristics for most psychiatric disorders are behaviors we all show at one time or another. They just occur more often and cause problems for the person (Frey, 1999). For instance, we all worry sometimes or feel anxious sometimes, but we don't meet The diagnostic standards set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) unless the symptoms are severe enough that they actively interfere with important parts of our lives, such as work or relationships, in a significant way (Frey, 1999). One of the most common diagnoses from DSM-IV are anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are a cluster of diagnoses that all have anxiety as a main symptom (Frey, 1999). It is a good example of the importance in the diagnostic process of symptoms interfering with life in significant ways, because we all feel anxious sometimes. As one source says, "Normal (sometimes called objective) anxiety occurs when people react appropriately to the situation causing the anxiety. For example, most people feel anxious on the first day at a new job for any number of reasons. They are uncertain how they will be received by co-workers, they may be unfamiliar with their duties, or they may be unsure they made the correct decision in taking the job. Despite these feelings and any accompanying physiological responses, they carry on and eventually adapt" In addition, fear or anxiety is not only normal but appropriate in some circumstances, suc...

Mouse Factory Design of Experiments Statistics Project

Mouse Factory Design of Experiments - Statistics Project Example These will act as a basis for future improvements, modifications and prediction. The graph above shows the graphical distribution of the 381 observation in the experiment. As it can be seen from the chart the percentage shrinkage lies between 53.5 and 55.1. Therefore the mean shrinkage lies at about 54 percent. The mean percentage shrinkage for the initial settings is 54.35. The mode is 54.46 while the median is 54.37. These measures of central tendency are not significantly different suggesting that the data is normally distributed. This rhymes well with the graphical representation in the above figure. The variability of percentage shrinkage can be located by use of range, standard deviation and variance. The range which measures the difference between the biggest and the smallest observation is 1.88. The variance and the standard deviation of these observations are 0.16 and 0.40 respectively. The smaller the variability of the shrinkage the more the data is clustered around the mean and the more it is predictable. Considering the initial variable settings which represent the main input the mean shrinkage should lay in the following confidence interval; By taking a consideration of 95% confidence interval, sample size of 381, a sample mean of 54.35 and a standard deviation of 1.88, the confidence interval mean of the future shrinkage should lie between 54.16 and

Justice Opinion on Hollingsworth v. Perry Essay

Justice Opinion on Hollingsworth v. Perry - Essay Example In the year 2000, the state of California conceded Proposition 22, which became an initiative ruling reaffirming that understanding. Proposition 22 became invalidated by the Supreme Court which demanded that marriage should be redefined to involve homosexual couples (Eskridge 96). Some six months later, the citizens of California took on Proposition 8 that amended the Constitution of California stating that; only heterosexual marriage is valid and can be the only one recognized within California. Perry, et al sued this proposition claiming that it was violating the rights of equal protection under the 14th Amendment (Egan and Sherrill 203). Outcome In an outstanding, although conceivably transitory, victory for equality in marriage, a state appeal panel of the Court invalidated the infamous Proposition 8 of California, an initiative at the ballot that had overturned homosexual marriage within the state. The 9th Circuit made Romer v. Evans the controlling precedent. In a majority opin ion, it could be affirmed that, Proposition 8 plays no plausible, legitimate interest of the state and the only rationale of the initiative’s upholders would be to declare the immaterial worth of lesbians and gays as a category and could humiliate a disfavored class publicly (Eskridge 127). Of course, the proponents of Proposition 8 disputed that, the constitution has no marriage mention in any way thus; states are obligatory to characterize marriage within the 10th Amendment (Horne, Rostosky and Riggle 362). These proponents also uphold the view that customary marriage definition is rationally linked to the vital interest of the society in necessitating the distinctive procreative possibility of heterosexual relationship in enhanced, stable unions for the principles of procreating and bringing up the coming generations. However, the court argued that, Proposition eight was only trying to uphold anti-equality models in the state. The 9th Circuit majority affirmed that Proposi tion 8 undermined the equal protection clause within the United States’ Constitution (Eskridge 95). Syllabus The legal provisions being appealed in this case involve the 14th and 10th Amendments, the strict scrutiny test, and Proposition 8 that became passed by the California citizens. Under the 14th amendment of the U.S. constitution, the equal protection clause offers that any state whatsoever must not deny to any individual within its command the equal defense of the statute. The 10th Amendment signifies that, states have the authority to control marital matters. The federalism system dictates the powers of policing that the state must possess. In other words, the proponents of Proposition 8 signified that the constitution has no marriage mention in any way thus; states are obligatory to characterize marriage within the 10th Amendment (Lannutti 43). That is; in this docket of power, states have generally had jurisdiction to control marriage. Although, the opponents of Prop osition 8 declare that, the 10th Amendment must not be platform used to jeopardize the citizen’s right of equal protection as affirmed under the 14th Amendment. In the argument regarding the 14th Amendment, it became clarified if the states can amend their constitutions to recognize marriage as the union of one woman and one man and whether it violated the equal protection provision. In this case, Proposition 8 cannot withstand strict scrutiny. That is; the proponents fail to

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Critical Reflection - Essay Example It means that a leader has to have high emotional intelligence and be mindful in order to be successful and competent. In the public health sector, leadership may come in the form of a Medical Coordinator or the Director of a large health organization like World Health Organization (WHO). Whether in the political arena, organizations, family or in public health organizations, leadership is a key component of managing people. A leader has to guide and direct his followers. The leader can only do that if he/she has a significant influence on his people. Ego and leadership do not correspond because leaders who are egocentric usually possess little knowledge and vice versa. Furthermore, Good leadership and management in the public health care sector will always lead to efficiency, elimination of mistakes, positive patient outcomes, and better population health outcomes. Dr. Kiran Martin is an example of good leaders who transcended insurmountable odds to transform the society positively. Owing to the fact that no single leadership style can work in all situations, various leaders have chosen distinctive leadership styles that suit their prevailing needs. Whichever leadership style adopted should benefit the lives of the followers and those of their leaders as opposed to making them miserable. The major types of leadership styles include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, autocratic leadership, participatory leadership, servant leadership, transcendent leadership, situational leadership, and Laissez Faire Leadership Styles. Any one of these leadership styles may be applicable in unique situations, depending on the characteristics of the leaders in question. While others require active participation of the leaders, some require a passive approach to public health management. As far as Laissez Faire Leadership Style is concerned, it is worth

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy Essay

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy - Essay Example The state employees are not happy with the proposal of the governor that they would have to make a contribution of 5.8 % of their salary towards schemes of pension along with the payment of 12.6 % of their insurance premiums for health.In this section of the research paper, various arguments in support of the union’s protest will be presented. 2.1 â€Å"Wisconsin Governor is Against the Worker’s Rights†- Protest in MadisonOn February 15, 2011, the public employees, community supporters and union activists in a number of more than 15,000 jammed at the Capitol Square in Madison for protesting the governor’s plan to band the rights of the workers and demolish jobs of the middle-class community of the society. The governor denied making any changes in his plans and has mentioned that if the bill is not passed by the state legislature, he would compel massive layoffs along with hampering of state services and thus would cost several jobs.According to a highway worker and member of AFSCME, the attack on the worker’s rights is a part of the budget plan of the governor. The move of the governor has been demonstrated as a way of political business that is interested in taking the rights away from the people. The appeal of a few protestors is such that they are in complete support to the governor’s activities for balancing the budget but not at the sake of the worker’s rights, as evident from the views of a retired Communications Workers of America member. The protestors mentioned that the governor was imparting the bad effects of a budget bill by setting up such a policy that would take away the general rights of the people (American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,

Writing your journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing your journal - Assignment Example These determinants vary from place to place and different environments. The culture can be thought of as an iceberg model whose little part is visible but the details are hidden from those who are not experiencing the local culture on the ground. The culture can never be acquired completely unless experiences first hand. This journal is the explanation of the personal experiences of my learning of a different culture from where I lived my life. The journal follows the ODIS (observe, describe, interpret, suspend) model of analysis. I was in born in Denver, Colorado and attended George Washington High School. I have been fond of visiting different countries and localities for making research about interesting people and places. Cultural differences and ethic aberration has always been a topic of my interest. Studying and having a deep insight on the Chinese culture has always been my dream. On getting an appropriate chance I went to Beijing for seven days for an event in China Universi ty of Geosciences. I got immense exposure to the rich Chinese culture and chances to learn the minute details for the local culture about which I had been making up to my mind and opinions base upon the internet research and stories. I met different people and delegates and I saw the Chinese interactions in every walk of life. From industrial perspective to the personal life scenarios, I observed every kind of cultural themes of the Chinese people. Most of the experiences were totally new for me and many were the conformations of the past theories about which I have made up in my mind by hearing different people. I observed that most of the Chinese culture still acquires their values from the text book code of ethics of Confucianism and Taoism. People are extremely dedicated to work and there are absolutely no compromises when it comes to day to day work and professionalism, a part from it, there is a lot more entertainment in these days as far as Beijing in concerned but I heard fr om the local people that the life is much boring in different cities outside Beijing. People are acutely and drastically hospitable and we felt absolutely no discomfort while staying at different hotels. Students and other people around the city spoke and understood English and it was to my utter surprise. Food was not very good because the American food have some spics and taste whereas I found the Chinese people extra sensitive about the health and this they do not use any kind of spice and extra salt in their food. The arts and music domain is also becoming rich and there are numerous art clubs there. Xun (Ocarina-type instrument that is also an integral part in Native American cultures) and Guzhend are the integral parts of the Chinese music in the modern China. My interpretation of the observations is that the Chinese have awakened from a deep and long slumber and after the gigantic and long lasting Chinese revolution, the value and cultural sticking to the Confucianism is much stronger than before. The main reason behind the fact that Chinese people adhere to the cultural values given by their elders is that they know the gravity of the situation and perspectives which played key role in the development of modern china. As far as American culture is concerned, the culture is not much rich here because there is not specific bindings and code of ethics rather the culture is far more dynamic and dense in the subject matter. The music of America is somewhat more interesting that China and I did not like the music of China. The hospitality is the integral and primary part of the Chinese culture and my perception is that it is also because of the communism revolution and industrial richness. The Chinese managed to get vast foreign investments after the revolution and

Security Essentials DB 5.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Essentials DB 5.3 - Essay Example Among the factors that influence that decisions made by law enforcement officers regarding crime prevention, include the nature of emergencies, the availability of community policing, the emergency response protocols and the activities of community management organizations. The nature of emergency dictates the type of prevention measure, which law enforcement officers can embrace. Laws regarding prevention must address each crime in its unique context. Community policing options can also shape the decision of the local law enforcement officers as the stakeholders implementing the initiative will have to work within boundaries. The presence of community management organization also influences the activities of individuals in the society. The legislation must incorporate their perspectives, as they can be instrumental in initiating behavior change. The integration of private security professionals in the prevention strategies is beneficial. Stakeholders can achieve this through availing of crime prevention resources to the private security officers. Secondly, while training the public officers, they should also involve the private professionals. Additionally, crime prevention strategies must outline and define functions performed by the private personnel. Lastly, the strategies must advocate increased liaison between the public security personnel and private staff. In conclusion, the alleviation of crimes today and in the future demands collaboration between the community, private security officers as well as public

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy Essay

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy - Essay Example The state employees are not happy with the proposal of the governor that they would have to make a contribution of 5.8 % of their salary towards schemes of pension along with the payment of 12.6 % of their insurance premiums for health.In this section of the research paper, various arguments in support of the union’s protest will be presented. 2.1 â€Å"Wisconsin Governor is Against the Worker’s Rights†- Protest in MadisonOn February 15, 2011, the public employees, community supporters and union activists in a number of more than 15,000 jammed at the Capitol Square in Madison for protesting the governor’s plan to band the rights of the workers and demolish jobs of the middle-class community of the society. The governor denied making any changes in his plans and has mentioned that if the bill is not passed by the state legislature, he would compel massive layoffs along with hampering of state services and thus would cost several jobs.According to a highway worker and member of AFSCME, the attack on the worker’s rights is a part of the budget plan of the governor. The move of the governor has been demonstrated as a way of political business that is interested in taking the rights away from the people. The appeal of a few protestors is such that they are in complete support to the governor’s activities for balancing the budget but not at the sake of the worker’s rights, as evident from the views of a retired Communications Workers of America member. The protestors mentioned that the governor was imparting the bad effects of a budget bill by setting up such a policy that would take away the general rights of the people (American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,

Security Essentials DB 5.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Essentials DB 5.3 - Essay Example Among the factors that influence that decisions made by law enforcement officers regarding crime prevention, include the nature of emergencies, the availability of community policing, the emergency response protocols and the activities of community management organizations. The nature of emergency dictates the type of prevention measure, which law enforcement officers can embrace. Laws regarding prevention must address each crime in its unique context. Community policing options can also shape the decision of the local law enforcement officers as the stakeholders implementing the initiative will have to work within boundaries. The presence of community management organization also influences the activities of individuals in the society. The legislation must incorporate their perspectives, as they can be instrumental in initiating behavior change. The integration of private security professionals in the prevention strategies is beneficial. Stakeholders can achieve this through availing of crime prevention resources to the private security officers. Secondly, while training the public officers, they should also involve the private professionals. Additionally, crime prevention strategies must outline and define functions performed by the private personnel. Lastly, the strategies must advocate increased liaison between the public security personnel and private staff. In conclusion, the alleviation of crimes today and in the future demands collaboration between the community, private security officers as well as public

Risk management at wellfleet bank Essay Example for Free

Risk management at wellfleet bank Essay The 2007-2010 ï ¬ nancial crisis has brought credit risk and default to the forefront of the regulatory and political discussion. This case illustrates risk management in the world of corporate lending which is quite diï ¬â‚¬erent from the retail, subprime, and mortgage lending at the root of the recent banking turmoil. It is also interesting because Wellï ¬â€šeet (actually, Standard Chartered PLC; ticker symbol: STAN) is one of the few banks which successfully weathered the 2007-2009 credit crisis. Chief executive Alastair Dowes has to decide if the risk governance process is adequate to uncover mega-risks in light of the current risk-assessment process and the credit decision regarding a bn loan application. Working for the Chief Credit Oï ¬Æ'cer (CCO) as a senior loan supervisor, you have been asked to assess and review the risks in the proposal and to make a credit recommendation, i.e., whether Wellï ¬â€šeet should accept the loan application or not. At the same time, you are worried about gray-area risk decisions and, in particular, the fact that risk-adjusted performance measurement can rarely be automated. Risk governance requires executives to strike a balance between risk modeling and qualitative business judgment—a holistic (rather than silo-based) view of risks. You are preparing either an executive memo to the CCO and CEO or a presentation to WellFleet’s credit committee. The following questions are meant to guide your analysis: 1. How much credit risk should banks take? What avenues do they have to manage credit risk ex ante and ex post? 2. Research the history of WellFleet = Standard Chartered. How well has Wellï ¬â€šeet performed? Why and how has it avoided major problems in its corporate loan portfolio? Was the bank lucky or smart? 3. Analyze the risk management process at WellFleet Bank. What suggestions might you make to the CEO about improving the process? (a) What are the objectives of loan oï ¬Æ'cers and supervisors, respectively? What about the risk management unit? (b) Are the incentives of line and risk management units aligned? Why or why not? (c) How would you organize origination and risk management activities? 4. What risk factors drive the credit exposure to Gatwick? Analyze what a credit bet on Gatwick really amounts to. (a) Download stock prices for pure gold-mining companies such as Barrick (ticker: ABX) and Newmont (ticker: NEM) as well as a gold prices and the SP 500. Calculate the instantaneous return Rit = ln PPit . it−1 (b) Compute the correlation matrix for the 4 variables. How would you interpret the results? (c) Run a CAPM-type regression of the gold-miner’s return Rit on a constant, the SP 500 return Rmt the gold return Gt by OLS, i.e., estimate the following model: Rit = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Rmt + ÃŽ ³Gt + ÃŽ µt How would you interpret the results? What does it tell you about the credit exposure? 5. Calculate the Expected Loss, Economic Revenue and Economic Proï ¬ t for both proposals. What would your decision regarding the two credit proposals be? Why? (a) What steps if any could Wellï ¬â€šeet take to reduce its credit exposure to Gatwick? (b) What avenues are open to the bank to manage its credit exposure ex ante (before and in the lending process) and ex post (after the loan went onto its books)? 6. Given Wellï ¬â€šeet’s new focus on large corporate deals and its need to recruit relationship managers from investment banks, what are the challenges for the risk culture of the organization, and its style of risk management in particular?

Evolution of Hybrid Cars

Evolution of Hybrid Cars 1. Introduction: The European government is trying to explore market and infrastructure issues related to an innovative, narrow-lane commuter car under development by a major auto manufacturer. In sufficient numbers, this vehicle offers an opportunity to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure, reduce the states dependence on petroleum and lower emissions of air pollutants. The commuter car is an innovative vehicle concept that is comparable to a motorcycle in size but offers advantages similar to an automobile in comfort, utility and safety. Depending upon the customer requirements a commuter car can be designed either a three-wheel or four-wheel. Passenger emenities similar to those available in standard automobiles, including climate control systems high quality stereo systems, and passenger restraint devices, would be available as options in this commuter car. This car offers several advantages that are inherent in the design. This report presents the product specifications which are going to be designed through different softwares, material selection and the market research analysis. 2. Evolution of Hybrid Cars: A hybrid automobile is a means of transportation employing two power sources; it uses a Re-chargeable energy storage system found on board and a fuelled power source as the vehicles ambition. The hybrid car pollutes much less and uses not as much fuel. Back in 1899, Ferdinand Porsche have developed and led the way to the initial working hybrid-electric vehicle. On the other hand, there was no key vehicle manufacturer who invested in the hybrid idea and mass produced hybrid cars until the late twentieth century. The hybrid technology was mainly utilized in developing diesel-electric submarines in the course of that interim period. Yet, the submarines major objective was to conserve oxygen as opposed to spend less fuel. Throughout the later years, submarines have evolved and have begun using the nuclear power as an alternative for diesel. During the 1990s, the Toyota Prius plus the Honda Insight were the very first profitable hybrid cars available in the market. It was two of the pioneers inside the hybrid auto idea which virtually adjusted the way the world considers cars. An idealistic inventor, Victor Wouk, manufactured a hybrid electric and gas car that siphoned fuel at half the quantity as practically all the other cars becoming built then. He built the hybrid car thirty years before the Toyota Prius got the attention of the U.S. as an energy- uneasy nation. And now the striking capabilities of the creation of Wouk, the hybrid cars, are now able to be an incredibly great support relating to less gas ingestion and less air pollution. Wouk and Rosen put up a start up business particularly to develop their hybrid car thought and made it easy to be on the market and be utilized as a regular automobile that belched less harmful vapors than up-to-date vehicles. The Prius Ever since the Toyota Prius, fuel efficient car was released on the market; it has been able to remain as the premier option of hybrid cars available. It is a fact that old hybrid cars looks more like an alien automobile and cost much more than the conventional car. Yet, because of the most up-to-date technologies installed in newer versions of hybrid cars, it looks extra like a conventional car and is far less expensive than its predecessors. It is a fact that hybrid cars these days look a whole lot like conventional cars. The Civic Hybrid can get 50 miles in mere 1 gallon of gasoline. During the year 2004, Ford has developed and introduced the initial hybrid SUV that is the Ford Escape Hybrid. A year later, Toyota also introduced their line of hybrid SUV called the Highlander Hybrid. Because of the increasing requirement for hybrid cars, other auto manufacturers are now following the footsteps of the other companies who already brought out a version of their hybrid car on the market. As an example, Nissan is now going to develop and introduce a hybrid version of the Nissan Altima. Presently, over 300,000 hybrid cars are running on American roads wherein 95 percent of them are Japanese made. The hybrid vehicles are really quite distinct technologies that can both reduce financial outlay and our environment. 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID CARS: A hybrid is anything that uses two or more sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion. Two power sources set up in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. The engine and the electric motor together can turn the transmission at identical time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels as shown in the figure1. The different ways in which the power sources establish in car are describe as follows: Series Hybrid Cars. Parallel Hybrid Cars. Series-Parallel Cars. 3.1 Series Hybrid Cars: The simplest of hybrid configuration is the Series Hybrid Car. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only resource of providing power to get wheels turning. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. The Battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and regenerative braking. The engine in a series drive train is typically smaller because it only meets the average driving power demands. The battery pack in these Hybrid cars generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrid providing remaining peak driving power needs. Series hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids as the larger battery and motor with the generator add to the cost. While the engine in a conventional vehicle is forced to operate inefficiently to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in such conditions, as the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power range at near optimum efficiency , which eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Because series drive trains perform best in stop-and-go driving are primarily being considered for buses and other urban work vehicles. The figure below shows the process of series hybrid car 3.2 Parallel Hybrid Car: In parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the wheels are driven by the power generated from both the engine and the electric motor. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. Parallel hybrids use a smaller battery pack and mainly depend on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, same as that of an alternator in conventional cars. In this setup the wheels are directly connected to the engine, which eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical power to electricity and back, which makes these hybrids quite efficient on the highway. The same direct connection between the engine and the wheels that increases highway efficiency compared to a series hybrid does reduce, but not eliminate, the city driving efficiency benefits. The figure below shows the process of parallel hybrid cars 3.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid Car: This drive train merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drive trains. As a result of combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drive train) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drive train). Therefore, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often because of this dual drive train. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drive train is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system is expensive than that of a pure parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drive train has the potential to perform better than either of the systems alone. The figure below shows the series-parallel hybrid process. 4. Project Planning: As can be seen in figure 4, the project plan includes the timescale of the project as a whole, from the beginning to the end. It outlines the various stages of the project highlighting the objectives and deliverables of each part of the project. It also defines the deadlines of each stage so as to assure that the project runs as per the schedule desired. However, it has to be taken into account that all the real world situations cannot be accounted for and hence, a safety period of appropriate measure has to be incorporated into each stage or at the end of the project. This assures that the deadlines will be met even in the event of unforeseeable circumstances. The project plan in itself is not a sufficient tool to manage a project of this magnitude. Hence, various other management tools were used during the course of this project to facilitate in the timely completion and effective management of the time and resources available to the team as a whole as well as, as individuals. These management tools include Gantt chart, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Critical Path Analysis (CPA), Program Evaluation and Review (PERT), SWOT Analysis etc. 4.1 GANTT CHART: Gantt chart is a bar chart known after Henry Gantt who designed his chart in the beginning of 20th century. It shows a very clear and easily explicable manner of the project structure in terms of time and individual tasks and subtasks. The project time schedule was visualized and optimized using Gantt chart. In this case, the CHV project was divided into eleven main tasks: 1. market research, 2. technical research, 3. target setting, 4. concept development, 5. concept finalization, 6. further concept development, 7. management analysis and 8. Report. These tasks, in certain cases, are subdivided into subtasks, usually assigned to a particular group member responsible for that part. Name(s) of the member(s) working on an individual task are written near the blue bar, which represents the time duration of the task. The project Gantt Chart is shown in APPENDIX-1: 4.2 Critical Path Analysis: Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a management tool that analyzes all the tasks required for completing the project, paying specific attention to the time required for the completion of each activity. It is used to formulate, schedule and manage the various milestones or activities in the project. It was developed in the 1950s to control large defiance projects and have been used routinely from then (mindtools.com).The critical path analysis for the CHV project was useful in:- Identifying all major activities requiring time. Time required for each activity was estimated and the overall project plan. Logical sequencing of these activities. For drawing the CPA first step was listing out the major activity. The next step is to sequence the activities into a logical order based on when it must or is most likely to occur i.e. certain activities will logically proceed after an activity while certain activities will be taking place parallel to each other. After sequencing, the time period required to complete each activity was determined. Time is represented in most networks as days. The time period for each activity was calculated taking into account the suggestions made by group members and considering other factors such as how many people will be working on each task, how many working days etc. As can be seen in Table 1, the findings are recorded in table format for easy look. The table also records the sequence of the activities as series, meaning occurs after another activity, and parallel, meaning occurring along with another activity. The dependence of an activity is also mentioned in the table. Table1: From the table 1 below, a chart is drawn in Figure 5 which represents the activities in circles and the time taken to complete an activity is stated on the arrow joining two activities. From the above CPA this project requires 62 minimum numbers of days for the completion of the project. 4.3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a planning method that analysis the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for a project. SWOT is a model that helps in assessment of a firm of what it can and cannot do along with the potential opportunities and threats. In SWOT analysis the information is separated into internal and external issues and each issue is addressed. SWOT analysis is useful in helping the group in meeting its objectives and also the obstacles to overcome to meet the desired result. The SWOT analysis carried out by the group is shown below, in APPENDIX-2.. The analysis was done, the strength and weakness of the group were put down along with its opportunities available for CHV was discussed and the barriers which could prove serious for the CHV project were taken into consideration . The ways to minimize the threats were also discussed with the help of group.. 4.4 3Ps: Similar as other analysis techniques such as QFD or DFMEA, 3Ps is a management aiding method designed to help designers make better plans. The major function of 3Ps is to find disadvantages faced during a specific time for the period of the project, then to workout them. So 3P is the combination of Progress against Plan, Problems with the Progress and Plan to solve Problems. All team members knew the weakness of this project by making 3Ps and the main problems in it have to be solved. It is very useful method because it shows the current conditions of the project; especially the direction designers should pay more concentration. The disadvantage of the project is known at the beginning and makes people think about it. 5. Market research: The first step of the project, as per the Gantt chart and the project planning was market research. This includes researching on the current vehicles that are available in the market and are due to be available within the next 3-6 months. Also to be considered is the market evaluation i.e. what types of vehicles are the customers most inclined to buy and what is the most desirable from CVs. As the project specification includes that the vehicle is to be a family hatchback powered by an electric battery and IC engine, the â€Å"Chevrolet Volt† or the â€Å"Honda Insight† cars were taken as bench marking. The market research results are shown in Table 5. 5.1 Comparison of vehicles using different sources as energy: l. Petrol car: A journey of 68 miles each day consumes 2.5 gallons of fuel and takes 2 hours. Amount of energy in fuel = 5.14 x 108 joules Thermal power = 71.3 kW Mechanical power = 20 kW average Efficiency = 28% 2. Battery electric car as secondary transport. Power station efficiency 40% Electric car efficiency 80% OVERALL 32% CONCLUSION: Pollution is moved from car to power station. There is only an environmental return if the cars performance is sacrificed or the power station is non-thermal and range/performance is limited. 3. Fuel-cell electric car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to hydrogen conversion 75% Fuel-cell hydrogen to electricity 58% Electricity to mechanical power 87% OVERALL 38% (potential for 41% in 10 years) CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 88%; fuel consumption is 60% of petrol vehicle and Performance /range are as petrol vehicle. 4. Hybrid car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to electricity Via lean burn petrol engine 45% Electricity to mechanical power 90% OVERALL 40.5% CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 70% and fuel consumption is 70% of petrol vehicle with performance/range as the petrol vehicle. So from the above comparison Hybrid car is the best transport CV which reduces the pollution and fuel consumption with good performance. 6. Technical Research: The next step is the technical research. It includes researching the technologies currently available in the market for the major components of the CHV. The major components of the CHV were divided into several components as below Batteries. Motors and Controllers. Aerodynamic. Regenerative braking. IC Engine. Transmission and Safety and homologation. 6.1 BATTERIES: The battery package is an essential element of an electric vehicle. Its electrical properties determines the vehicle driving range, while its physical properties must be consider during suspension design, vehicle architecture, etc. According to Larminie and Lowry (2003), batteries are the component with highest cost, weight and volume. Generally, a battery consists of two or more electric cells, which are joined together and generate DC electricity. There are several parameters describing the properties of a battery such as internal resistance, charge capacity, energy stored [Wh] or specific energy [Wh.kg-1]. Service temperature is a very important factor influencing the battery performance. Several different types of batteries were identified during research (Larminie and Lowry 2003): Lead-acid batteries: This is widely used with main constituents lead, sulphuric acid, plastic container which are available at low cost. However, lead acid batteries have a very low specific energy. Therefore, a battery with sufficient capacity using this technology would be very heavy. As a result, lead acid batteries are used in low-cost and low-range electric vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries: These batteries have a specific energy nearly twice that of lead-acid batteries. They possess a low self-discharge capability and are able to work in wide range of temperature (-40 °C to 80 °C). The presence cadmium is considered as a major drawback. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were used in electric cars. Nickel-metal hydride batteries: As of the abbreviation NiMH, these are used in hybrid vehicles. The main principle is as like that of nickel-cadmium batteries, but the negative electrode uses hydrogen absorbed in metal hydride instead of cadmium. In addition NiMH batteries have higher specific energy. But, their self-discharge rate is relatively high which is ten times to that of NiCd. Since the reaction running in the battery is exothermic, a NiMH battery package must be cooled. Sodium-based batteries: In spite of high specific energy, sodium-based batteries have serious disadvantages that exclude it from commercial use of hybrid vehicle. Its operating temperature lies in the range of 300-350 °C. Once the battery is cooled down, it must be slowly reheated before operation and this process can take up to 24 hours. Besides, keeping the battery at its required temperature requires approximately 100 W of power. Lithium batteries: Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the latest stage in battery development providing the best performance for electric vehicles. They have a high specific energy and consequently a very low overall weight. This type of battery is used by the most recent electric vehicle available in the market (e.g. Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Tesla Roadster). The crucial disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high cost. Table 6: Battery comparison table Assumed input data ICE vehicle consumption: 4 l/100 km of diesel fuel (Volkswagen 2010) Diesel fuel specific energy: 40 kWh/kg Diesel fuel density: 0.832 kg/l ICE vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 10% EV vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 70% According to the input data, the required capacity of the battery pack is from 46 kWh to 61 kWh. According to specific energy of individual battery type the battery weight can be estimated (Table 7). For the desired range, lead acid batteries are far too heavy to be applied in a family hatchback. However, they can be considered as a cheap alternative for a low-range electric vehicle. Table 7:Battery Comparison according to range According to the table above, lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable option. If the latest technology is used (Nissan Leafs laminated Li-Ion batteries), specific energy can reach 140 kW/h (Weissler 2010), and thus the battery weight can be further reduced. In addition to this, the latest development shows a good potential in increasing Li-ion battery performance by means of nanotechnology. Furthermore, according to various prediction e.g. by The Boston Consulting Group (2010), the battery cost are about to decrease with the increase of production volume and it can be more than 50 % in the year 2020. 6.2 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERS: Motors is considered to be one of the main part of the electric vehicle .In a pure electric vehicle the motor provides the required torque directly to the wheels. However, the motor rotates at constant speed, so to vary the speed of the vehicle a potentiometer needs to be attached. The speed control of the vehicle is made possible by DC or AC (inverters) controllers. The accelerator pedal is attached to a potentiometer (variable resistor) which is further attached to the DC or AC controllers. The force on the accelerator pedal is directly proportional to the current delivered to the controller. Depending on the current supplied, the controller delivers power to the motor. The working of DC controller varies with an AC controller. For selecting a motor the main features that are important for an electric vehicle are good efficiency, high torque, low maintenance, moderate cost and easy to control. Figure 4 shows the basic layout of the motor and controller in an electric vehicle. The three motors considered for the concept were:- AC Synchronous Motor. DC Brushless Motor AC Induction Motor AC 3 synchronous motor is the latest type of motor used in electric vehicle. The main characteristic of AC 3 synchronous motor is that the motor runs at synchronous speed i.e. the field winding locks with the rotating magnetic fields and rotates along with it. The AC 3 synchronous motors has many advantages .Usually the AC induction motor works at lagging power factor but the AC 3 synchronous motor works at leading power factor which means improved efficiency and reduction in voltage drop .Accurate speed control is possible which makes synchronous motors an ideal choice .Synchronous motors have speed/torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of loads. A smooth the torque curve results in better performance of the vehicle. It has good heat dissipation and overloading capacity .The absence of magnets also reduce the cost of maintenance. Regeneration of energy is easily possible in an AC 3 synchronous motor by reversing the current. AC 3 synchronous motors has cer tain disadvantages such as it is not a self starting motor i.e. a separate motor (pony motor) is required to drive it till it reaches synchronization. Since it is relatively a new technology the price of the motor is comparatively higher. DC Brushless Motor or BLDC is the most common motor used in hybrid vehicles. A BLDC motor is similar to AC 3 synchronous motor. It has got good torque characteristics and also absence of slip. The heat dissipation and overloading characteristics is commendable for a BLDC motor. But BLDC motor is considered to be less efficient than the other three motors because of many factors. It has m

Digital Certificates :: Essays Papers

Digital Certificates General Introduction The creation of Digital Ids has become lately a big need since a variety of electronic transaction including e-mail, electronic commerce, groupware and electronic funds transfer have made a part of everyone's life especially those that accessing the net makes the basis of their daily work where nothing can introduce them or identify them but a digital certificate that is authenticated for the server. Thus, in order to prove your identity in electronic transactions, just as a driver license or a passport does in face-to-face interaction, came the need to create Digital Ids that are instrumental in establishing a secure channel for communicating any sensitive information back to the server. In this way, every document or data or information sent to friends, associations, firms... are authentic. In more words, Digital Ids are presented to show your right to access information or online services. Digital Ids are also known as certificates. They are issued by certification authority (ca) such as Verisign, that provides besides issuing, revocation and renewing of the certificates. Therefor Digital Ids provide a more complete security solution. A Digital Id typically contains the: 1- Owner's public key. 2- Owner's name. 3- Expiration date of the public key. 4- Name of the issuer (the certification authority that issued the Id ex: Verisign). 5- The serial number of the Digital Id. 6- Digital signature of the issuer. Types of Certificates. 1- Personal Certificates: used to identify yourself to the server and to all users. 2- Server Certificates: designed to protect you and your visitors to your site, it's used by secure servers who ensure the user that his affiliation is legitime. 3- Advantages: a- Authenticate your site: A Digital certificate on your server automatically communicates your site's authenticity to visitor's web browsers, confirming that the visitor is actually communicating with you, and not with a fraudulent site stealing credit card numbers or any personal information. b- keep private communication private: Digital Certificates encrypt the data visitors that exchange with your site to keep it safe from interception or tampering using SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology, the industry-standard method for protecting web communications. Virtually all web servers and leading browsers, including Netscape Communicator, are optimized and ready for SSL. To activate SSL sessions with visitors to your site, all you need is a Digital Certificate for your sever. c- Identity visitors: If visitors to your site use personal Digital Certificates, your server can instantly recognize them, facilitating instant log-in ( and preventing later repudiation of the web transaction ).

Mull :: essays research papers

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Where is Croydon’s CBD?

A CBD is a central business district of a town/city. This is near to where the city first developed. The obvious characteristics of a CBD are many buildings grouped together. There will be many shops, restaurants and offices. Also there will be some pubs other high rise buildings and entertainment of some description (Cinemas, arcades etc). There will be a wide range of transportation that takes you into of very close to a CBD, in Croydon, trams, trains and buses all come into the CBD. There are also car parks in the CBD to allow access to cars. I expect the following things to be in or near Croydon CBD: * Offices * High rise buildings * Shops * Main roads * Tran stations/bus stations * Old houses * Factories I have shown where I expect Croydon's CBD to be on the base map. I have also chosen categories these categories are: * Retail outlets * Banks and financial services * Restaurants and fast food outlets * Public buildings/ offices * Recreational I have seen that the people driving cars are mostly from the south of Croydon and people coming by public transport are mostly from the north. Businessmen prefer to use their cars or a faster method of transport such as train to commute to work with. The poorer people from the north are mostly using public transport. Unit 2 The services around Croydon are unevenly spread throughout. There are three main shopping retail areas where many people come; these are, The WhitGift Centre, Drummond Centre, and North end/ High Street. I have shown on the map where these places are. Many people would agree that the WhitGift centre / North end are the centre of Croydon. The restaurants and food establishments are situated throughout the centre but the bigger restaurants are located in the south of Croydon. Other restaurants are along George Street and Surrey Street. Both have access via the car but only in the evenings. They also have reasonable access to public transport. Most offices are situated east of Wellesley Road. This is because most access from the south is more accessible on Wellesley road and the wealthy people will be coming from the south to work in the offices. The bigger eating restaurants are located towards the south of Croydon as well because the wealthier people want to eat out. The poorer people would cook their own food. The transport methods into Croydon are: Cars – they can park in the big car parks located towards the south. These car parks can be more easily access from the south because of the roads. If cars where to come from the North they would have to drive all the way down, past the car parks, onto the main road and then drive back up to the car parks. People from the south drive straight in. Train – Fairly even access for all areas. Buses – There are many bus routes to Croydon from the North. There aren't many from the South though only 1 comes to Croydon from Sandstead and 2 from Selsdon etc. there is a poor service of buses from the South. Unequal provision. Trams – Trams come from the areas which lack other modes of transport. New Addington and Wimbledon are good examples. The transport differs for a good reason. Cars come mostly from the wealthier people who can afford more who live in the south. Bus routes from the south are poor because of this. Wealthy people wouldn't want to come on the bus with other people so they would just drive into Croydon. The car parks are located to the south of Croydon and have easy access from roads coming from the south. This makes it easier for the wealthy people coming from the south to get into Croydon. The buses vary a lot because more people would come from the North because generally they are less wealthy and would need to use public transport they do not own cars. There are many more bus services running from the North so they can accommodate the people coming from the North. Overall the large number of bus services for some areas cancels out the lack of tram services in the same place. Thornton heath has 9 bus routes that will take you into Croydon but does not have any tram routes taking you to Croydon. Unit 3 The bigger retail outlets such as the WhitGift Centre and the Drummond centre have easy and fair access to all because it is in the centre of Croydon. However places where you can eat (restaurants and fast food shops) are spread unevenly throughout Croydon. Fast food shops are mostly found in the centre of Croydon and to the North. Main expensive restaurants and places where you can drink are located to the south of Croydon off the main roads. This allows for the richer south to drive straight in and eat food. The location of these restaurants also link in to the whereabouts of banks and building society's which are also located to the south, off of the main road. This is so that the wealthier south can drive in at night, park the car quickly just outside the bank, withdraw cash and spend it in the restaurant. The smaller fast food shops have been located in the middle of Croydon and towards the north because many shoppers will come into the shop and get food quickly because they haven't got the time and money to eat in a restaurant. In conclusion the retail shops are mostly situated evenly in the middle of the CBD. Restaurants are located more to the South of Croydon Banks and financial buildings are located off of main route ways and roads Offices are mainly located in the east of Croydon on Dingwall Road. I have also made maps to show routes of abled and disabled people to compare them to see if they are equal. The hypothesis does say that that it has equal access to all groups of people. Unit 4 The hypothesis says that Croydon has equal access to services from all groups of people. This means that all people can get to wherever they desire in Croydon as such. This means that it wouldn't matter if they are disabled or not, they can still get to the same place as an abled person. If you look back into unit 3 where I constructed the maps to show abled and disabled people's routes. My conclusion is that all people can get around Croydon pretty easily. Disabled people can get to the same destination but it might take a little bit longer. When you look at my work in unit 2 it shows that the provision of transport is unequal but the population of Croydon is also unequal. What we see in Croydon is an answer to that inequality because the different areas have allowed for different methods of transport.

Four Types of Informative Speeches Essay

The last part of chapter 14 is a bit confusing as it attempts to categorize the different approaches to Informative Speaking. For our purposes, we will assign Informative Speeches to the following four (4) types, and this is to REPLACE pages 337-344. Use these, and NOT the ones in the text, to guide you in the development of the Informative Speech. 4 Types of Informative Speeches 1) Descriptive – in the most general sense, you are trying to get the audience to experience something through you. There are 2 approaches to do this: a) the â€Å"real† speech- this is the description of a real, tangible, and physical that is so vivid and precise that the audience can picture it in their mind. The subject could be a place, an object, a person, etc and is described so clearly that the audience can accurately visualize it. b) The â€Å"mood† speech- this is where you attempt to convey just how a particular emotion or feeling feels; and the successful mood speech has the audience actually experiencing that emotional state. For instance, when answering the question â€Å"How does it feel when you are depressed?† the speaker does not simply list other synonymous labels for depression such as ‘down’, ‘bummed’, ‘low’, but focuses instead upon the physiological ( weak, listless), mental (slower thinking, confusion), psychological( joyless, hating self), social( rejected, friendless) aspects. A good contemporary example is the TV ad about ADHD that likens this condition to trying to watch TV with the channels changing every second while showing a rapidly changing TV in the background. Mood speeches are difficult to maintain and develop as the entire speech, and are used many times as a segment of a â€Å"report† speech on that topic. 2) Report – the Report speech is a vastly different speech from the mood speech in that it deals with hard facts and precise data in a very analytical way. It also can be used in a myriad of ways: the life cycle of a flea, a biography of a person, a report giving information about a culture, country, religion, event, medical condition, etc. Even topics of some controversy can be informative in this category: compare/contrast prescription & generic drugs, the legal history of Roe v. Wade, pros/cons of legalizing prostitution/pot/gambling; school uniforms. The over-riding goal here is to remain fair and objective, the audience should not be able to tell what the speaker’s personal position on the topic happens to be. It is unethical to hide a persuasive agenda under the auspices of an Informative speech, so avoid â€Å"I want to inform you why prostitution should be legal† and/or â€Å"†¦so you can see that since the ‘pros’ greatly outweigh the ‘cons’ we should do this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or to limit the discussion to only the ‘pros’ (or ‘cons’) without fairly and honestly including the ‘cons’ (or ‘pros’). 3) Explanation- the speech of Explanation defines a process. This is NOT a â€Å"how to† speech; it explains how and/or why some process occurs. This is very much like a tour guide at the mint telling their group how coins are made. This is a more intellectual approach to a process- how diamonds are formed, how the AIDS virus invades T-helper cells, how wood becomes petrified, the water cycle, photosynthesis, how microwaves cook food, any surgical procedure, how the brain stores memories, how viruses infect computers, what makes a curveball curve- the list is endless. Think of all the processes you understand, any of them have the potential to be a good explanation speech. 4) Instruction – this IS the traditional â€Å"How to† speech, and this is where the process is actually performed, or we are taught how to do it. This has a ‘hands-on’ feel to it: how to write a good resume, how to save money/gas/time, how to pack for a vacation, how to debug your computer, how to throw a curveball. Sometimes the process can easily be demonstrated within the time limits of a speech; other processes my take longer than the allotted time. If that is the case, then have the successive steps/stages pre-done so you can move easily form one to the next. The audience really doesn’t need to watch you slice six carrots for a salad instead have all of them pre-sliced and just demonstrate a few cuts and then move on, nor do we need to wait until the paint dries. Take a hint from the professionals that do the hobby/craft/cooking shows on TV, a bit of careful planning beforehand can result in a polished presentation of even a very complex process. These are the categories of Informative Speaking. You do not have to stay within just one type, they can be combined as you see fit. For example, in speech that is primarily Explanation, there may be a section where you need to Describe what something looks like and there may be some elements of Report if you discuss the history of it. There is an easy way to consolidate the points of the text with these 4 types of informative speeches. Think of the categories listed in the text as general topic areas from which an Informative Speech topic could be found. Once a topic has been selected, then its development can be guided and focused by the 4 types of informative speeches. For example, one might choose to do a speech about a person (Salvador Dali); it could be Descriptive (describing his physical attributes) or a Report (a biographical speech about his life) or an Explanation (how he created his works) or even some combination of these. The topic is, in all of these cases, ‘a person’ but it has the potential for different types of development; all leading to very different types of speeches. INFORMATIVE SPEAKING TOPICTYPES of AREASSPEECHES PeopleDescriptive Objects real Places mood EventsReport ProcessesExplanation ConceptsInstruction Conditions Issues

Atheorist's voice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atheorist's voice - Research Paper Example In this context, based on the learning environment, transformative learning theory is deemed to play an important role towards eradicating the key issues that are develop among the students and teachers during the course of interpersonal communication (Cooper, n.d.). Thus, the approach of transformational theory allows making the students sensitive on the basis of learning behaviour and eradicating the communication gap by transforming their behaviours. Apparently, in order to ensure proper learning, people faces significant challenges and difficulties (Rubenson, 2011). Correspondingly, with the use of the transformational theory of learning, people can remain sensitive regarding other behaviours and have an understanding about the need to incorporate certain behaviour for developing their values and attitudes among others. Furthermore, transformation is integral, as learning is a process of evolving skills and values among others in the existing behavioural framework. Moreover, with the combination of reflection and discourse of the required learning approach, people can shift their perceptions about new objects or things. Subsequently, using theoretical approach of the transformational learning theory, people can develop their behaviour based on task-orientation (Kitchenham, 2010; Blackwell

Investment analysis and portfolio management Assignment

Investment analysis and portfolio management - Assignment Example The risks attributed to the investment done in both the Wall Street and Dubai Financial Market depends on a number of factors, which include overall volatility of the financial market. In these cases, the selling price of shares across various sectors appears to be stable due to the big number of big investment companies such as Google and Amazon among others that have heavily invested. This aspect stabilizes the market pricing and thus reduces the risks involved. In addition, the portfolios invested in are not risky and this leaves a leeway of accepting to take the risks that may occur. The investment of 1,500,000AUD in diverse sectors in both the Wall Street and Dubai Financial Market is substantive and the fact that tow different markets are invested in, it implies that, the risk is diversified. In essence, risk diversification is a critical component of that an investor considers before investing in a financial market. In this case, the investor is well prepared to face a situation where a risk would occur in one Investment Company, whereas the other one makes profits. This explains the essence of risk diversification. With this implication, then the investor’s ability to take risk qualifies to be average. However, the investments on the stock type F reduce the investor’s ability to take the risk. Considering the selling price of $ 15.71 on Monday, February 02, 2015 and $16.13 on Sunday February 15, 2015 respectively, we can conclude that, the this type of stock did not sell at a reasonable profit margin, when comparing g it with GOOG or AMZN, whic h was sold at $ 493. 72 and $ 293.95 on Monday, January 12, 2015 respectively. The point of focus attributed to the profit margin is on the number of shares invested in the profitable stocks. In the case of the non-profitable stock F in Wall Street, the number of shares traded is 1500, whereas the number of the shares

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Essay Example Thus, repeated experiences of teaching different topics and observing lectures and sessions being taken emphasized the understanding within the Physicist that the general notion of understanding among the teacher-to-be was that the meaning of learning something was only to memorize it word by word, knowing every single definition by heart. But the core understanding of any of those things was unimportant to them. Absence of actual understanding led to the inability of the students to relate the physics concepts to practical situations. Certain words or ideas that appear frequently are ‘learn’, ‘meaning’ etc. The physicist is trying to emphasize that knowing something is not merely memorizing it but it actually requires concepts to be understood in practical perspectives especially when it comes to physics. The most important binaries that the author sets up are mentioning the Brazilian teachers-to-be to the mainstream system of the country itself. Another im portant binary that the physicist mentions is that of mentioning the US government officials to be as naive as the Brazilians who were unaware of the deficiency in their system. As the officials fail to realize the essence of Robert’s analysis he considers the US officials to be educated in a similar superficial manner in which the Brazilians are being educated. I think the text sarcastically points out the general nature of the Brazilian people. If it is the matter of learning Physics that is dealt such superficially then it must be the same with all the other subjects and even official state related matter. This is because the officials that would eventually come out of such a learning system would not let any such peers survive who may be learned enough to raise... This paper approves that about the topic of the essay Feynman believes that it was very clearly deceiving. He was alarmed to realize that Brazilian personnel who were being trained as teachers were hardly aware of the core concepts of practical Physics and had only learned word to word the exact text in the books instead of ever realizing the meaning of that text. Absence of actual understanding led to the inability of the students to relate the physics concepts to practical situations. This essay makes a conclusion that if it is the matter of learning Physics that is dealt such superficially then it must be the same with all the other subjects and even official state related matter. This is because the officials that would eventually come out of such a learning system would not let any such peers survive who may be learned enough to raise points of objection upon their modes of conduct. Since the entire Brazilian system is the resultant of a single educational system running throughout the country, it would behave just as similar to the larger in majority students who would suppress any others who would like to raise questions during lectures. They would refer to this question raising action as a deviation from learning not only for the student itself but also for all those others around him. So, the text may seems to be entirely about the knowing of something not as merely as learning it superficially, but in reality it was a critical analysis of the perspective o f the people of Brazil and specially the higher ups of the system of the state.

Teens and Drunk Driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teens and Drunk Driving - Essay Example This research paper would be presenting those circumstances, the thought process of teenagers, the reaction of teenagers towards drinking, and the hazards of driving after drinking. The drunk driving by the teenagers is another topic under discussion by the school systems, parents, and media because it brings lots of dangers and hazards from both safety and health point of view. The arguments for this statement would be presented in the rest of the paper. Driving is a very responsible duty but driving while being intoxicated or drunk is highly regarded as irresponsible and risky for the drivers because it increase the risk of accidents, injuries and deaths every year around the globe. Drunk driving to the limit where driving capabilities become impaired with that of driving motor vehicle is highly prohibited legally in almost every country in the world. In fact, it is a crime in most countries around the world. In some countries, for example, Canada, the prohibited amount for driving starts from Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) 80mg/100ml of blood. People get drunk in parties and friends or family gatherings and drive recklessly which is dangerous not only for the driver, but the people sitting with in the vehicle and the other pedestrians (Mittelman and Inc NetLibrary 178). The issue of drinking by the teenagers is there sinc... Drinking - Forbidden Fruit for Teenagers The issue of drinking by the teenagers is there since centuries. It has been said that young adults used to drink buckets of ale in the Pre-Revolutionary America. At present, in the present United States, drinking publicly is prohibited for the young adults less than twenty-one years of age. This has created the image of liquor as forbidden fruit for the teenagers. The number of drunken teenagers is growing rapidly these days and it is considered very harmful for the young adults. The drinking habits of teenagers can start from occasionally at indoor family gathering (which is obviously comes under the restrict guidance of parents or guardians) and then can grab the habit of becoming habitual with friends and off campus whenever they get a chance. Although, the teenagers are not legally permitted to buy liquor from any authorized dealer or store, but they somehow find a way by bribing an adult friend who could easily buy all the required drinking materials for his young adult friends . The increasing number of drinking teenagers has increased the tension between the school systems and parents because they get highly tensed how to overcome this problem by convincing their kids not to drink liquor (Jacobs 13). The reason for extreme limit of drinking by the teenagers is because of the fact that they are not allowed to have it openly and is prohibited from their parents, guardians and school systems. This not only increased their urge to drink liquor more frequently, but they ought to take drinking as adventure while partying and having little friends' get together. The drinking slowly and gradually turns into habitual drinking which is very dangerous from the health